Реферат: Eastern Frontier Essay Research Paper

? near fatal blows to Roman cities in Asia Minor ? stimulated flight among

Christians.? Ruled for 15 years in

Byzantine East, yes through proxy but combo of this and decades of warfare

played a large role in explaining the ease of Islamic conquests. ?

Question of defence

system at all, many may have been there on an ad hoc basis and may not have

housed garrisons. ?

Conspicuous element

was Rome?s dealing with Arab tribes 4th century onwards both used as

military allies.? From 328 inscription

at Namara ?partial acculturation of Arab tribes and rulers living along the

edge of areas of Graeco Roman settlement? ?

Both empires relied

heavily on their tribal clientele – even fought whole battles for them.? Phylarchs increasingly important role in

security of border lands ? paid to d ? federates suspected of helping them when

moved north. ? old policy of clientage at expense of Roman army ? similar

policy to those employed earlier in the west ? could rebound to government?s

disadvantage.? Not even consistent ?

Justinian gave al-Harith titles of phylarch, patrician, and king to

counterbalance Lakhmids ? Justin II cut off subsidies and turned against

Mundhir son of al-Hairth 0 leaves Dara ad Apamea undefended. ?

Sparsity of Byzantine

forces at time of invasion ? linked to Justinian?s problems of manpower and

finance in west ? reliance on Arab federates, effects intensified 6th

century.? Limitanei not being paid,

records chaos and evidence withdrawal of troops from SE Palestine ? weakening

resistance to Islamic groups ? this with effects 7th century Persian

invasion explains surrender Udruh and Aila and opening up of route north ?

fateful consequences,? Heraclius