Реферат: Pylyp Orlyk and his constitution
By the important feature which distinguished it from usual hetman articles and did similar to late European constitutions, there was that it was made not between the hetman and the monarch (a protector of the Ukrainian state), and between the hetman and the Cossacks which spoke on behalf of persons of all Ukrainian people. However a word "constitution", that used in the name, yet had no such value as today, and, so, is an error to consider this document as the constitution in modern understanding.
Pylyp Orlik's constitution contained many interesting and progressive ideas, was up to standard of the best achievements of then legal thought. It considerably advances time, and also testifies about deep democratic principles department of Pylyp Orlyk and to he was what serious figure.
The constitution is made with the uttermost confidence of fast homecoming where it will have a validity for all Ukraine. Therefore at the moment of its conclusion, it represented the uttermost reality, instead of simply theoretical project which became later when returning to Ukraine of its composers became impossible. The Constitution and has not got real force, that is why there was in history as an original legal instruction, an original legal platform "Mazepa’s movements" and, the most important thing, as one of the first constitutional certificates in history of Europe.
Special character last years the problem of the Ukrainian language has got. This sharpness has been caused by erroneous dogmatic approaches to development of national languages throughout last 70th years. Revival national-speaking processes and national consciousness is promoted by historical language sources which Phillip Orlika's Constitution - an original language instruction of the Ukrainian people concerns. Monuments collapse eventually, people die, and written sources remain, supplemented. And from them we scoop our knows, they remind us of ours roots.
Charles Х ІІ has confirmed the approved constitution and became the guarantor of independence of Ukraine.
Having got a hetman mace, Phillip Orlik of infections undertook continuations of business of the predecessor - Ivan Mazepa. After the Battle of Poltava in 1709, he escaped together with Hetman Ivan Mazepa and king Charles XII of Sweden Bender in the Principality of Moldavia, where Mazepa soon died. Pylyp Orlyk was then chosen as a Hetman in exile by the cossacks and the Swedish king Charles XII. While in Bender Orlyk wrote one of the first state constitutions in Europe. This Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk was confirmed by Charles XII and it also names him as the protector of Ukraine. Orlyk represented entirely new type of the patriot and the intellectual which in improbably heavy conditions of emigration did not leave thought on restoration of independence of the Ukrainian state. The most active conductor ideas, he has devoted the whole life to creation of the West European coalition which would help to release Ukraine. The exile, the hetman-emigrant, with small group of adherents - A. Vojnarovsky.
Between 1711 and 1714, together with Crimean Tatars and small groups of Cossacks, Orlyk carried out unsuccessful raids into Right-bank Ukraine. Afterwards, Pylyp Orlyk now together with several other cossacks followed the Swedish king Charles XII to Sweden via Vienna and Stralsund. Orlyk with his wife Hanna Hertsyk and six children arrived in Ystad, Sweden on the new year's day of 1716. They now lived in the city of Kristianstad for some years. Orlyk and his family left Stockholm in 1720 but as late as 1747 his widow and children received financial support from the Parliament of Sweden. From Sweden Orlyk first went to Hamburg, Hannover, Prague, Wrocław and Kraków, where he left his family to stay in a monastery. Orlyk went on to France and in 1722 he arrived in Iaşi in Ottoman Turkey in order to organize an alliance against Russian Empire. From there he went on to Thessaloniki and from the mid 1730s he is known to have lived in Budjak. He died 1742.
Conclusions
After years fighting against the Muscovite tsars, Orlyk fled first to Sweden, and then passed through central Europe to the relative safety of the Ottoman lands. On 2 November 1722… the fifty-year-old Orlyk was ordered by the Porte to Salonica. There this cultivated and warm-hearted man spent no less than twelve years in exile, watching the twists and turns of European politics from the sidelines while his impoverished wife remained in Cracow and his eight children were dispersed throughout Europe. Only in March 1734 was he released, thanks to French intervention, and allowed to move north; still trying to organize an uprising in the Ukraine, he died in poverty nine years later. Orlyk's misfortune has proved to be the historian's gain, for from the day of his arrival he kept a diary which offers a unique insight into the eighteenth-century city… His urgent scrawl gives access not only to his voluminous political correspondence, most of which - in Latin, French, Polish and Ukrainian - was duly copied into his journals, but also to the rigours of daily life in his place of exile. The misbehaviour of his loutish servants, the local fare, his bag after a day's shooting in the plains, stories told him by tailors, interpreters and bodyguards enliven its pages. Jesuits, consuls, doctors, spies and the Turkish judges and governors who ran the city all encountered the busy exile. Most of the time, he lived well, considering his predicament…
Resources
1. Doroshenko D. The essay os history of Ukraine by 2 b. - K.: Globus, 1991, b.2;
2. Subtelny O. Ukraine: history - K/: Lybid, 1993;
3. The bases of state and rights of Ukraine. - K., 1993;
4. The first Constitution of Ukraine by hetman Pylyp Orlyk.1710. - K.: Veselka, 1994.;
5. Pylyp Orlyk / Hetman-emigrant… K., 1991.