Шпаргалка: Шпаргалка по лексикологии
The device is effective in that it helps to lay stress on the second part of the utterance, which is opposite in structure
Chiasmus can appear only when there are two successive sentences or coordinate parts of a sentence
Syntactical chiasmus is somtimes used to break the monotony of parallel constructions. But whatever the purpose of chiasmus, it will always bring in some new shade of meaning or additional emphasis on some portion of the second part.
Polysyndeton
Polysyndeton is the stylistic device of connecting sentences or phrases or syntagms or words by using connectives (mostly conjunctions and prepositions) before each component part.
E. g. “Should you ask me, whence these stories?
Whence these legends and traditions,
With the odours of the forest,
With the dew, and damp of meadows,
With the curling smoke of wigwams
With the rushing of great rivers,
With their frequent repetitions,…”
The repetition of conjunctions and other means of connection makes an utterance more rhythmical; so much so that prose may even seem like verse. So one of the functions of polysyndeton is a rhythmical one. In addition to this , polysyndeton has a disintegrating function. It generaly combines homogeneous elements of thought into one whole resembling enumeration. But unlike enumeration, which integrates both homogeneous and heterogeneous elements into one whole, polysyndeton causes each member of a string of facts to stand out conspicuously. That is why we say that polysyndeton has a disintegrating function. Enumeration snows the things united: polysyndeton snows them isolated.
Polysyndeton has also the function of axpressing sequence:
E. g. “Then Mr. Boffin… sat staring at a little bookcase of Law Practic and Law Reports, And at a window, and at an empty blue bag…..”
Stylistic inversion Stylistic inversion aims at attaching logical stress or additional emotional colouring to the surface meaning of the utterance. Therefore a specific intonation pattern is the inevitable satellite of inversion Stylistic inversion in Modern English is the practical realization of what is potential in the language itself. The following patterns of stylistic inversion are most frequently met in both English prose and poetry: 1. The object is placed at the beginning of the sentence: “Talent Mr. Micawber has; capital Mr. Micawber has not.” 2. The attribute is placed after the word it modifies. This model is often used when there is more than one attribute: “With fingers weary and worn …” 3. The predicative is placed before the subject: “A good generuos prayer it was” The predicative stands before the link verb and both are placed before the subject: “Rude am I in my speech…” 4. The adverbial modifier is placed at the beginning of the sentence: “My dearest daughter, at your feet I fall.” 5. Both modifier and predicate stand before the subject: “Down dropped the breeze…” | Antonomasia The interplay between logical and nominal meanings of a word is called antonomasia. As in other stylistic devices based on the interaction of lexical meanings, the two kinds of meanings must be realized in the word simultaneously. E. g. “Society is now one polished horde, Form’d of two mighty tribes, the Bores and Bored .” In this example of use antonomasia the nominal meaning is hardly perceived, the logical meaning of the words “bores” and “bored” being to strong. It is very important to note that this stylistic device is mainly realized in the written language, because sometimes capital letters are the only signals of the stylistic device. But there is another point that should be mentioned. Most proper names are built in some law of analogy. Many of them end in “-son” (as Johnson) or “-er” (as Fletcher). We easily recognize such words as Smith, White, Brown, Green, Fowler and others as proper names. But such names as: Miss Blue-Eyes or Scrooge or Mr. Zero may be called token names. They give information to the reader about the bearer of the name. Antonomasia is intended to point out the leading, most characteristic feature or event, at the same time pinning the this leading trait as a proper name to the person or event concerned. Antonomasia is much favoured device in the belles-lettres style. |
Hyperbole Hyperbole is deliberate overstatement or exaggeration, the aim of which is to intensify one of the features of the object in question to such a degree as will show its utter absurdity. E. g. “And this maiden she lived with no other thought Than to love and be loved by me.” Like many stylistic devices, hyperbole may lose its quality as a stylistic device through frequent repetition and become a unit of the language-as-a-system, reproduced in speech in its unaltered form. Here are some examples of language hyperbole: ‘a thousand pardons’; ‘scared to death ’; ‘I’d give the world to see him’ |
Epithet The epithet is a stylistic device based on the interplay of emotive and logical meaning in an attributive word, phrase or even sentence, used to characterise an object and pointing out to the reader, and frequently imposing on him, some of the properties or features of the object with aim of giving an individual perception and evaluation of these features or properties. The epithet is markedly subjective and evaluative. The logical attribute is purely objective, non-evaluating. It is descriptive and indicates an inherent or prominent feature of the thing or phenomenon in question. Thus in green meadows, white snow, round table and the like, the adjectives are more logical attributes than epithets. They indicate those qualities of the objects which may be regarded as generally recognized. But in wild wind, loud ocean, heart-burning smile , the adjectives do not point to inherent qualities of the objects described. They are subjective evaluative. Epithets may be classified from different standpoints: semantic and structural. Semantically – divided into associated with the noun following and unassociated with it. Associated epithets are those which point out to a feature which is essential to the objects they describe: the idea expressed in the epithet is to a certain extent inherent in the concept of the object. For e. g. ‘dark forest’, ‘careful attention’ etc. Unassociated epithets are attributes used to characterize the object by adding a feature not inherent in it. For e. g. ‘heart-burning smile’, ‘voiceless sands’. The adjectives here impose a property on objects which is fitting only in the given circumstances. Structurally, epithets can be viewed from the angle of a) composition and b) distribution. Compositional – may be divided into simple, compound and phrase epithets. Simple epithets are ordinary adjectives (wild wind, loud ocean). Compound epithets are built like compound adjectives (heat-burning sigh, sylph-like figures). Phrase epithets : a phrase and even a whole sentence may become an epithet if the main formal requirement of the epithets is maintained i. e. its attributive use. But unlike simple and compound epithets, which may have pre- and post-position, phrase epithets are always placed before the nouns they refer to. (Freddie was standing on front of the fireplace with a ‘well-that’s-the-story-what-are-we-going-to-do-about-it’ air that made him a local point) Phrase epithets are generally followed by the expression, air, attitude and others which describe behaviour or facial expression, К-во Просмотров: 212
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