Курсовая работа: Euphemisms: history, types and examples
Euphemisms are substitutes for their synonyms. Their use and very existence are caused either by social conventions or by certain psychological factors. Most of them have stylistic connotations in their semantic structures. One can also assume that there is a special euphemistic connotation that can be singled out in the semantic structure of each such word. Let me point out, too, that euphemistic connotations in formal euphemisms are different in “flavour” from those in slang euphemistic substitutes. In the first case they are solemn and delicately evasive, and in the second rough and somewhat cynical, reflecting an attempt to laugh off an unpleasant fact.
Euphemisms always tend to be a source of new formations because after a short period of use the new term becomes so closely connected with the notion that it turns a word as obnoxious as earlier synonym.
And as linguistic phenomenon euphemism is needed to be investigated in many aspects: in comparison with other languages, definition of the time and reason of their appearance, determination of usage in literary and scientific books. It helps us to get information of the world people.
There are stable euphemisms, and are depending on situations. If constant is a constant synonym of the certain concept situational depends on the contents which at it is put or a context in which it is used.
It is possible to allocate also types euphemism behind features of construction. Is one-worded – synonyms – «features – crafty», is two-worded and an adjective – «evil spirit».
As a result of distribution and influences of mass media and different psychological levers on language presently constructing type euphemism will intensively penetrate into all spheres colloquial and a literary language. Were especially strongly distributed tendencies in the English language in the USA where advertising and business really without any restriction «break» language on the order. Not surprisingly because some American linguists even suggest to distinguish two languages: «language of the facts» (fact language) and «language of ideas» (іdea language).
For the translator it is very important to know about features of the use euphemism in language correctly to estimate a role of implied sense, it is especial while translating publicist materials or fiction.
LIST OF LITERATURE
1. Benveniste, Émile, “Euphémismes ancient and moderns”, in Problèmes de linguistique générale, vol. 1, pp. 308-314. [originally published in: Die Sprache, I (1949), pp. 116-122]
2. Rawson, Hugh, A Dictionary of Euphemism & Other Doublespeak, second edition, 1995.
3. R.W. Holder: How Not to Say What You Mean: A Dictionary of Euphemism, Oxford University Press, 504 pages, 2003.
4. Maledicta: The International Journal of Verbal Aggression (ISSN US)
5. MsGlone, M.S., Beck, G., & Pfiester, R.A. (2006). Contamination and camouflage in euphemisms. Communication Monographs, 73.
6. Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920). Greek Grammar. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 678 p.
7. Мусабекова С. Euphemisms as Linguistic Phenomena in the Sphere of Alcohol, Вестник КазНУ, серия филологическая, № 6 (105), 2007, c. 169-171.
8. Антрушина Г.Б., English Lexicology, seventh edition, 1999, 287 p.
Retrieved from http://en.wikipendia.org/wiki/ Euphemism
REFERENCES
1. ^ Euphemism Webster's Online Dictionary.
2. ^ Cultural Protocol — Death in a community Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
3. ^ Dyen, Isidore, A. T. James & J. W. L. Cole. 1967. Language divergence and estimated word retention rate. Language 43/1: 150-171.
4. ^ Gould, S.J., The Mismeasure of Man, W.W. Norton & Co, New York, 1996, pp. 188-189.
5. ^ American Heritage Dictionary definition of "retarded" via answers.com.
6. ^ George Carlin, They're Only Words, Track 14 on Parental Advisory: Explicit Lyrics, Atlantic/Wea audio CD, 1990.
7. ^ Random House.com.
8. ^ The Age.com.
9. ^McCool, W.C. (1957-02-06), Return of Rongelapese to their Home Island — Note by the Secretary, United States Atomic Energy Commission, http://worf.eh.doe.gov/ihp/chron/A43.PDF, retrieved 2007-11-07.
10. ^ Snopes.com, "Buy the Farm".
11. ^ http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/dandv/vehicle/app.shtml