Курсовая работа: Unemployment: reasons and main forms

Data on the labour market also allow economists and policymakers to monitor changes in the economy over time. Figure 3 shows the unemployment rate in the UK since 1971, calculated using the claimant count. Claimant count figures are less reliable than the Labour Force Survey figures.

Nevertheless, the figure is useful in demonstrating that the economy always has some unemployment and that the amount changes – often considerably – from year to year.

1.3 Why Are There Always some people Unemployed?

The unemployment reasons. In the western economic literature of the reason of unemployment are investigated mainly on the basis of purely economic approach. Thus unemployment is considered as a macroeconomic problem of not enough full use of a cumulative labour. Often reasons of unemployment speak imbalance of a labour market or adverse changes this market.

The most known theory explaining the reasons of unemployment, the theory of J is. M. Keynes which has replaced in the mid-thirties the theory of classics-economists (A. Smit, A. Marshall), explaining the unemployment reason high level of wages. On Keynes, unemployment is inverse function of cumulative demand. « Employment volume, - Keynes wrote, - by absolutely certain image is connected with volume of effective demand ». The insufficient volume of effective demand causes slackness of investment process and, hence, impossibility of maintenance of employment that conducts to I grow unemployment. An exit from this situation Keynes saw in increase of a role of the state in formation of cumulative demand at the expense of increase in the State expenditure, first of all – on the investment goods. Keynes's critics, representatives of neoclassical school, see the unemployment reasons just in that state policy which the developed countries spent« under recipes» Keynes. So, for example, F. Hajek considered that unemployment « is direct result of a short-sighted full employment policy which you spent to a current of last twenty five years ». Growth of the State expenditure, on F. Hajeka's opinions, inevitably conducts to inflation which, having reached a critical point, itself becomes the reason of the increased unemployment. An exit from this closed circle one – to stop an inflationary full employment policy. Certainly, at the first stage it will lead to sharp jump of unemployment, but it, on Hayek's idea, will give the chance to reveal all defects in work placing, to develop and carry out not inflationary methods the program of maintenance of a high and stable occupation level. Monetarists led by M. Fridmenom have put forward the concept of "natural" unemployment. To which they carry so-called frictional unemployment. Frictional unemployment covers the workers changing for those or other reasons a place of work, for example, in search of higher earnings or work with большей by prestigious ness, more favorable working conditions, or migrating in connection with necessity of change of a residence. To natural unemployment carry also structural, caused by changes in structure of public manufacture under the influence of scientific and technical progress and perfection of the organization of productions. This type of unemployment also is time (though also more long, than frictional unemployment) as disappearances of one manufactures (branches) it is accompanied by rapid growth of others. Problem only in that, how fast the unemployed can adapt to the changed conditions on a labour market. The concept of "natural unemployment» is supported by almost all economists, including Neokeynesians. Disputes go only that causes growth of unemployment above natural level, - insufficiency of an aggregate demand or the regulating policy of the state infringing the "natural" mechanism of formation of employment and a wages in the market of work. Thus, the western economists recognize that unemployment – the integral attribute of market system of an economy, it is inevitable, and in the "natural" variant even is useful to maintenance of necessary flexibility of a labour market. But till now not one economic doctrine is not indisputable from a point of sight of an explanation of the reasons of unemployment and employment. All present sights at the unemployment reasons can be grouped in the next image.

First, rather redundant population, "superfluous" in comparison with the reached level of national production can become the unemployment reason. This factor of unemployment especially hardly affects in the developing countries.

Secondly, unemployment can be result of changes in economy structure, including – in technologies (structural unemployment). This unemployment is time as on change to old branches and productions (technologies) the new come.

Thirdly, unemployment can was temporary to increase because of natural desires of people to find work "to liking" and with the best working conditions and payments (frictional unemployment). Fourthly, especially strong increase in a rate of unemployment results from cyclic recession in economy (cyclical unemployment). This kind of unemployment is the most dangerous as there is a vicious circle: Production falling – unemployment – reduction of the general level of incomes – aggregate demand decrease – production falling – unemployment etc. Fifthly, in certain cases the unemployment generator can become active interference of the state and trade unions in relations between the hired worker and the employer that leads to market inflexibility of wages and forces businessmen to solve a problem of achievement of the maximum profit by employment reduction. All these reasons of unemployment represent without delay the factors influencing for the size and dynamics of unemployment. The basic sources of unemployment are not market proportions and the conditions developing on a labour market since a labour market only reflects proportions existing at present between demand and the labour offer, but direct sharing in their formation does not accept. These proportions depend on the processes which are outside of the market of work. The market only finds out them, shows unemployment, and does its visible for company.

1.4 Working resources and its classification

Statistics of manpower. Manpower is persons of both sexes who potentially could participate in production of the goods and services. They are significant in the conditions of market economy as integrate such categories, as the economically active population including of taken both unemployed persons, and economically inactive population at able-bodied age. Number of manpower is advanced proceeding from number of able-bodied population at able-bodied age and working persons outside of able-bodied age. The person of work possesses a main role in economic activities development, perfection of its organization and management for the purpose receptions of the greatest return from the creative work. People invent and make instruments of labour and production assets, will organise rational division and labour co-operation at various levels of productive activity, beginning from a job and finishing the organization within the limits of all national economy. The labour as set of physical and spiritual abilities of the person is main productive force of company and constitutes manpower of all enterprises and the establishments belonging to various branches of a national economy. Manpower of each made unit is represented by a part distributed on branches of a national economy of manpower. The statistical characteristic of availability of a manpower of the enterprise, establishment, association, an industry, agriculture, building or transport separately or all economic complex, is the list volume of employment in them workers. The statistics of each branch of a national economy studies the following questions connected with application of a living labour:

1. Statistics of manpower and their use.

2. Statistics of labour efficiency.

3. Statistics of wages.

The statistics of manpower is divided in turn on two parts:

1. To the statistican of a labour – the primary goals is studying of number and structure of workers, studying of change of number of workers; an estimation of security of the enterprise a manpower; studying of job management and use of workers on corresponding qualification; labour discipline studying.

2. To the statistican of working hours - problems is definition of a combined value of fulfilled time; studying of use of working hours, and revealing of losses of working hours

Statistics of structure of manpower. In force of distinction manpower the structure of workers at the enterprise is studied in following directions:

1) on a branch accessory;

2) on work plots;

3) on the functions executed in the course of production.

Depending on a branch accessory of division of the enterprises the staff of primary activity or industrial and production staff and staff of the nonindustrial organizations allocate. On executed functions workers of industrial and production staff are subdivided into six categories: workers, pupils, engineering employees, employees, junior attendants and workers of protection. The most numerous and basic part of structure of workers are workers. To workers, directly linked with production, and also the persons taken by repair and care by the equipment, material delivery persons concern jobs etc. The persons trained on production of this or that trade of workers and receiving wages concern pupils. Engineering employees constitute that part of the enterprise which carry out the organisation and a management industrial and engineering procedure. The workers performing administrative and managerial and economic functions concern employees. To junior attendants carry the workers dealing with service of industrial and non-productive premises. Depending on a role in the course of production discriminate the basic and auxiliary workers. To the cores carry the workers, directly taken by production manufacturing, leading to action machinery and plant. The workers taken by service of the basic workers concern the auxiliary, the equipment, on automation of their work. Working the basic and auxiliary are in turn characterised by degree of mechanisation and automation of their work.

The major statistics of number of workers of the enterprise is the size of average list number of workers. Average list number of workers of the enterprise or the shop, accepted for the partial working day, is estimated so: total number of the man-hours fulfilled by these workers for month, is divided into the established duration of the working day and the number of the fulfilled man-days received thus, divide into number of the working days in a month on a calendar.

For example, for a month in which on a calendar 22 working days, are fulfilled by workers of 12500 man-hours. Then at five-day working week the number of the fulfilled man-days will constitute 1524, as private from division 12500 on 8,2; т.е.12500:8,2. Average list number of the workers accepted for the partial working day (1524:22=69 the people) Will constitute 69 persons. Thus, average list number of the workers accepted for partial working week, advance as the relation of the man-days fulfilled by these Workers to number of the working days in the taken away month on a calendar. And the average list number of workers working full-time is calculated as average arithmetic simple during a certain interval of time (month, quarter, year). We will assume that for the first half of the year average list number of industrial and production staff has constituted 730 persons, and for July - 710, August 700. Average list number of industrial and production staff for January - August (8 months) Will equal: (736х6+710х1+700х1):8=5826:8=728 the economic statistics gives the Basic attention to that part of a manpower which participates in social work. Not less important problem there is a definition of the taken workers on national economy branch. Two groups of a manpower are allocated: taken by physical work and taken by intellectual labour.

Despite the fact that what the labour productivity level increased all over the world over the last 10 years, there are big ruptures in the data on industrial and to developing countries. Though the states of Southern and East Asia, and also the Central and Southeast Europe already catch up with EU and the USA on this indicator, as a whole the situation looks not in the best way. A poverty principal cause in the world the International job management (SQUANDERER) named inefficient use of a potential production of workers.

From the report containing key indicators of a labour market, published on September, 2nd the SQUANDERER it is visible that the USA still is the leader on productivity on one worker following the results of 2006. It is necessary to note essential growth of this indicator for the past of 10 years in East Asia where productivity has increased in 2 times.

Furthermore rupture in productivity between the USA where an added value on one worker (the highest in the world) has constituted $63,885, and other developed economy following States continues to increase: Ireland ($55,986), Luxembourg ($55,641), Belgium ($55,235), France ($54,609).

However Americans work more hours per year, than citizens of other developed countries. If to look at the cost added to one workers in an hour the best labour efficiency in Norway ($37,99), it follow the USA ($35,63) and France ($35,08).

The labour efficiency increase generally grows out more of an effective utilisation of a combination (combination) of work, the capital and technology. Insufficient investments in human and a fixed capital along with application of old technologies can lead to partial use of labour potential in the world. «Huge rupture between productivity and riches is at the bottom for anxiety, — the general director SQUANDERER Juan Somavija has declared. — the Increase in labour efficiency of workers with low yields in the poor countries leads to reduction of essential deficiency of a labour in the world».