Реферат: BIO Notes On Organic Chemistry Essay Research

· Minerals

· Vitamins

CARBOHYDRATES

· Sugar gives energy

· Starch are normally found in small grains called starch granules they also give us energy

· Cellulose for plants make a cell wall for humans it makes a dietary fibre keeping the food moving along the gut

FATS

· Mainly give us energy

· Saturated means that there is no more room for atoms to add on to the existing molecule.

· Unsaturated is the opposite.

PROTEINS

· Needed for growth repair and slight amounts of energy

· Kwashiorkor à disease with the lack of protein

· Proteins are made of amino acids

· Essential amino acids are ones we cannot make but instead take in digestively

WATER

· Absolutely essential

· Needed in all life forms and contained in mostly all substances

MINERALS

· Sodium. Is a salt. It helps messages to be sent and muscle contraction. Lack of causes cramps in muscles

· Calcium used for hardening our bones and teeth. Hardening can only take place when they take up calcium phosphate and carbonate (calcification). Lack of causes rickets (soft, weak, deformed bones).

· Phosphorus. We need it to be absorbed into the calcium. It occurs in membranes.

· Iron. Present in haemoglobin (transports O2). Lack of cause anaemia: less O2 transported, less energy.

· Iodine. Trace element: needed in tiniest quantities. We get from sea food and drinking water. Needed to make thyroxine. Lack of causes goitre or ?Derbyshire neck?: swelling of thyroid gland next to Adam?s apple.

· Fluorine. Trace element. Prevents tooth decay.

VITAMINS

· Collection of organic substances which control reactions in the body.

· (A). Retinol: important for our eyes. Lack of causes night-blindness or xerophthalmia. Fat soluble

· (B). Niacin (nicotinic acid). Lack of: Pellagra. Thiamine: lack of is Beri-beri. Riboflavin: causes sores in skin around mouth. Water soluble