Реферат: Формирование грамматических навыков на начальном этапе обучения иностранному языку
There is dependence on mimicry, memorization of set phrases and overlearning.
Structures are sequenced by means of contrastive analysis and taught one at a time.
Structural patterns are taught using repetitive drills.
There is a little or no grammatical explanation: grammar is taught by inductive analogy rather than deductive explanation.
Vocabulary is strictly limited and learned in context.
There is much use of tapes, language labs, and visual aids.
Great importance is attached to pronunciation.
very little use of the mother tongue by teachers is permitted.
Successful responses are immediately reinforced.
There is a great effort to get students to produce error-free utterances.
There is a tendency to manipulate language and disregard content.
Grammar is taught essentially as follows: Some basic sentences are memorized by imitation. Their meaning is given in normal expressions in the native language, and the students are not expected to translate word for word. When the basic sentences have been overlearned (completely memorized so that the student can rattle them off without effort), the student reads fairly extensive descriptive grammar statements in his native language, with examples in the target language and native language equivalents. He then listens to further conversational sentences for practice in listening . Finally, practices the dialogues using the basic sentences and combinations of their parts. When he can, he varies the dialogues within the material hr has already learned. The characteristics of ALM may be summed up in the following list:
Grammar explanations as used in the major methods.
We shall briefly review the treatment of grammatical explanations by some of the major methods. This is not meant to be an exhaustive study of all available methods; rather it is an attempt to show the variety of ways in which different methods deal with grammar explanations and may help teachers in evaluating available materials.
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Grammar translation is associated with formal rule statement. Learning proceeds, deductively, and the rule is generally stated by the teacher, in a textbook, or both. Traditional abstract grammatical terminology is used. Drills include translation into native language.
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The direct method is characterized by meaningful practice and exclusion of the mother tongue. This method has had many interpretations, some of which include an analysis of structure, but generally without the use of abstract grammatical terminology.
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he audio-lingual method stresses an inductive presentation with extensive pattern practice. Writing is discouraged in the early stages of learning a structure. Here again, there has bee considerable variation in the realization of this approach. In some cases, no grammatical explanation of any kind is offered. In other, the teacher might focus on a particular structure by isolating an example on the board, or through contrast. When grammatical explanation is offered it is usually done at the end of the lesson as a summary of behavior (Politzer, 1965), or in later versions of this method the rule might be stated in the middle of the lesson and followed by additional drills.
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Conscious grammar explanation |
Isolation of (rule of structure) |
Deductive or Inductive presentation |
The “explainer” |
Language type used for explanation |
Oral or written explanation | |
| Grammar-translation | Yes | Yes | Deductive | Book and/or teacher | Abstract | Written |
| Direct method | Yes or no | Yes | Inductive (if at all) | Teacher (when done) | Non-abstract | Oral-written |
| Audio-lingual | Yes or no | Yes | Inductive | Teacher | Example or non-abstract | Oral-written |
Each method is realized in techniques. By a technique we mean an individual way in doing something, in gaining a certain goal in teaching learning process. The method and techniques the teacher should use in teaching children of the primary school is the direct method, and various techniques which can develop pupils` listening comprehension and speaking. Pupils are given various exercises, connected with the situational use of words and sentence patterns.
Teaching grammar patterns.
We’ll examine "Teaching Grammatical Patterns" by Robert Lado (Chapter 10 "From Sentences to Patterns")