Реферат: Information Society Concept
Fourth generation (1970-1980-ies) - a machine built in large integrated circuits (LSI). Such schemes include up to several tens of thousands of elements on a chip.computers of this generation carry tens and hundreds of millions of transactions per second. There are microprocessors that can handle the number of length 16 and 32 bits, static memory capacity of 256 Kbytes and dynamic memory capacity of 1 MB. According to its characteristics such diverse computers that begin to classify them into: super-computer (B-7700 - Burrows Company, Illiak-IV - University of Illinois, Elbrus - the USSR), large (universal) and mini-computers and micro-computers, or personal computers (PCs).
Fifth generation (mid 80's - to date). Distinctive features of this computer generation are:
- New technology production - not on silicon but on the basis of other materials;
- Abandonment of a von Neumann architecture, the transition to new architectures (eg, the architecture of the data stream). And, consequently, turning the computer on a multiprocessor system (array processor, the processor of global communications, local communications processor, database machine, operating system, processor, etc.);
- New methods of input-output, convenient for the user (eg, speech recognition and images, speech synthesis, processing messages in a natural language);
- Artificial intelligence, process automation that is solving, the findings, the manipulation of knowledge.
Go to the fifth generation computer means a sharp increase in "intelligence" of your computer, resulting machine can directly "understand" the problem of the condition set for her man. Thus, there is no need for compiling the program as a means of "communication" with computers for solving this or that problem.
Next, the fifth, the information revolution began in the late 90's. According to P. Drucker, it is not in technique, equipment, technologies, software or performance, this is a revolution concepts. This is significantly different from the previous one, focus on data - their collection, storage, transmission, analysis, provision and use. Fifth inforrence revolution solves another question: "What is the essence of information and what its purpose?". This leads to problems that are solved through information and, consequently, to view the institutions to solve them.
Last information revolution started and has become the most development in commercial business. It is the necessity of the change of the nature and purpose of business - it began to consider how value creation and welfare. In turn, the concept put forward another question - for whom the business of creating value and wealth, what gave impetus to the development of corporate governance. Despite the importance and scale of the impact of recent information revolution, it is mostly "not influential people realized the world of information because the information system began in the accounting treatment of IT professionals is usually characterized by a mixture of ignorance and contempt." The revolutionary impact of computers and information technology still evident where nobody expected it: in operations. Yes, truly revolutionary software enabled the architects to significantly reduce costs time and money on drafting big buildings, surgeons-interns - to gain experience by performing virtual surgery on virtual patients. With software equipment manufacturer may organize its operations based on the anticipated needs of customers in service and replacement of equipment. Ana well, and the role of computer in banking, which among all in hodni is probably the most computerized industry.
Hope that the computer will bring revolutionary changes to the work of senior management were not met. For problems of top management computer and information technology generated by its data providers have become more than information, let alone new problems and new strategies.
The traditional explanation for this - the conservatism of managers "old school" that are not actively implementing its activities in IT. This explanation is not correct. Senior management does not use new technologies because they do not give him the information necessary to carry out its own problems. Most management information systems store data related to assets and costs. The data from the traditional accounting system. Such information can be useful only accountants, but not superior.
Acquiring the information of strategic importance in enhancing competitiveness in the information society has necessitated revision of place and scale IT department. Its head should be the intermediary between the economic management and markets. The need for the director, who serves as chief technologist only information activities in the future disappear. It will be a catalyst of information and link that unites all its members. As the midst ¬ nickname, he must know the language of business leaders, auxiliary ¬ flashing identify organizational risks and complications in the implementation of IT projects. Chief information officer must be understood not only on technological issues of information activities, but also be able to serve as general manager, taking outreach activities as the economic sphere (business process) and simultaneously to control it. That he should have not only technological training, but also business knowledge. Therefore, preparation of relevant experts from the information managers of zhmentu (MI) is a topical and important issue.
The new information revolution that began in the commercial sector is beginning to cover education and health. Again modify the above concepts, not tools and technology. Every day is becoming clear that technical change will lead to new understanding of education. Distance learning, for example, may well change the concept of teaching in higher education: the educational process of transferring campuses in places convenient for teaching from the perspective of each student (such as houses, cars, trains at the town ¬, jobs, etc.). It is likely that the focus of higher education programs will be continuing professional education of adults.
In health, a similar shift of the concepts are likely to lead to what health care will determine not like fighting disease and how to support physical and mental health. Preventable disease, of course, remain an important component of health care, but only a subset of rights. In education and health care as the business and the economy generally, the emphasis in the phrase "information technology" increasingly zmischatymetsya of "technology" to "information".
Modern paradigm shift can be seen as moving from technology based largely on the use of cheap energy, to technology, where information prevails Budget attachment advances in microelectronics and telecommunications technologies.
Consider the basic features of information-technological paradigm, which taken together constitute the foundation of the Information Society.
The first characteristic of the new paradigm is that information is "raw". That there was a shift from information to influence the technology as it was during previous technological revolutions, the technology to influence the information.
The second feature is the totality of effects of new technologies. This information is an integral component of any human activity, all processes of our individual and collective being formed directly (though certainly not determined) in the new technological method.
The third characteristic is the network logic of any system or set of relationships using these new information technologies (NIT). Morphology of the network is well adapted to the growing complexity of interactions of objects and to unpredictable patterns of complex processes occurring under the influence of such interactions. The network is capable of growth or learning. Of the network topology is like on the outer layer of the system is available for external occurrences. All other topologies limit what goes into it.
Consider the basic features of information-technological paradigm, which taken together constitute the foundation of the Information Society.
The first characteristic of the new paradigm is that information is "raw". That there was a shift from information to influence the technology as it was during previous technological revolutions, the technology to influence the information.
The second feature is the totality of effects of new technologies. This information is an integral component of any human activity, all processes of our individual and collective being formed directly (though certainly not determined) in the new technological method.
The third characteristic is the network logic of any system or set of relationships using these new information technologies (NIT). Morphology of the network is well adapted to the growing complexity of interactions of objects and to unpredictable patterns of complex processes occurring under the influence of such interactions. The network is capable of growth or learning. Of the network topology is like on the outer layer of the system is available for external occurrences. All other topologies limit what goes into it.network - is the least structured organization, which we can say that it has structure at all. No new information technology network logic is very cumbersome for the material embodiment. Thanks NIT network as topological configuration can be materialized in all kinds of processes and organizations. However, the network logic should apply to structure, while preserving flexibility for nestrukturovane the driving force of innovation in human activity.
The fourth feature, which is connected to the network principle, but does not belong only to him, is that information-technology paradigm is based on flexibility. The process not only reversible, objects can modify and even fundamentally change by rearrangement of their components. For a modern society characterized by constant change and organizational instability, as new technological paradigm defines the ability to reconfiguration. Radically change the rules without destroying the organization was made possible by reprogramming capabilities and upgrading its financial base.
Finally, the fifth characteristic of this technological revolution - a growing convergence of specific technologies * highly integrated system in which certain technologies become isolated nevyriznenymy. Yes, microelectronics, telecommunications, optical electronics and computers are now integrated into information systems. In business, for example, there is still some time there a difference between chip manufacturers and programmers. But even this differentiation is diffused by the growing integration of firms in strategic alliances and joint projects, as well as embed the software in microprocessors. Moreover, in terms of technological system can not provide one element without the other: microcomputer are determined mainly by power chip, and designing microprocessors and parallel processing depends on the architecture. Telecommunications is now only one form of information processing, technology transfer and communications at the same time becoming increasingly diversified and integrated into the same computer network.
So we live in a period of technological change, development and wide application of information and communication technology (ICT). This process differs from previous technological changes and is greater for them. Specialists in information systems and information technology for this should be ready.
Complications of industrial production, social, economic and political life, changing the dynamics of processes in all spheres of human activity led on the one hand, to the growing demands on data and knowledge, on the other - to create new means and ways to meet those needs. ICTs are an integral part of our daily lives, providing us useful skills and services anywhere - at home, at work, at play.
The most important lesson of all previous information revolution lies in the fate of their technologists. Yes, the revolution in printing quickly formed a new class of information technology specialists - printers, today's information revolution has created a large number of information businesses, professionals from IS and IT, software developers and managers of information services.
Last information revolution highlights new industry - information industry related to the production of means, methods and technologies for the production of new knowledge. The major components of the information industry are all kinds of information technology, especially telecommunications.