Реферат: Lexicography as a science of dictionary-making

Webster's Third New International Dictionary (descriptive)

Random House Dictionary of the English Language

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

Webster's New World Dictionary

Oxford English Dictionary (descriptive)

Concise Oxford Dictionary

New Oxford Dictionary of English

New Oxford American Dictionary

Canadian Oxford Dictionary

ITP Nelson Canadian Dictionary

Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (prescriptive)

Noah Webster's An American Dictionary of the English Language (prescriptive)

The Century Dictionary

Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable

Macquarie Dictionary, The, a dictionary of Australian English

Chambers Dictionary

Collins COBUILD

Collins English Dictionary

Gage Canadian Dictionary

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

Black's Law Dictionary, a law dictionary

3. The characteristics of Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners

The Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners was conceived, compiled and edited by the Reference and Electronic Media Division of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. Managing editor is Michael Mayor. The Dictionary was printed and bound in Malaysia in 2002.

The Dictionary includes words on the basis of their use in the language today. Some words are identified as being trademarks or service marks. Neither the presence nor absence of such identification in this Dictionary is to be regarded as affecting in any way, or expressing a judgement on, the validity or legal status of any trademark, service mark, or other proprietary rights anywhere in the world.

The definitions in the Macmillan English Dictionary have been based on information derived from 200 million words of English which make up the World English Corpus.

The Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners is a linguistic dictionary because it describes vocabulary units, their semantic structure, their origin and their usage; words are given in the alphabetical order.

It is a general, explanatory (monolingual) dictionary. The entry consists of the spelling, transcription, grammatical forms, meanings, examples, phraseology.

As for the components or the structure of this Dictionary it’s the following:

Some words have more than	acid1 / / noun **
one entry because they belong	1[С/U] a chemical substance with
to a different word class al	a PH value (= a measure used in chem-
although they are spelt the same.	istry) of less than 7: hydrochloric acid
The small number at the end of	– compare ALKALI
the headword tells you that	2 [U] informal the illegal drug LSD
there’s more than one entry for
this word.
acid2 / / adj 1 very sour:
ACIDIC: Add more sugar if it tastes
too acid. 2 containing acid or consist
ing of an acid: ACIDIC: These plants
prefer an acid soil. 3 an acid remark
or acid humour shows criticism in a
way that is clever but cruel: ACERBIC.
Compound words are separate	'acidֽhouse noun [U] a style of
entries in the alphabetical list.	HOUSE music that developed in the
US in the mid-1980s and became very
popular in the UK in the late 1980s
where it was played at RAVE parties
Some words are shown at the	acidify / / verb [I/T] to be -
end of the entry for the word	come an acid, or cause a substance to
from which they are derived.	become an acid – acidification
/ / noun [U]
Some words are used in idioms	bat your eyes/eyelashes to open and
or other fixed expressions.	close your eyes very quickly several
These expressions are shown at	times, intending to be attractive to
the end of the main entry.	someone
go to bat for smb mainly Am E in -
formal to give someone your support
and help
not bat an eyelid to not be shocked,
worried, or upset by something
Phrasal verbs are shown after	bat a'round phrasal vb [T] to dis -
the entry for the main verb.	cuss ideas or plans in an informal way
Many words have more than	dolly / / noun [C] 1 informal a
one meaning. When meanings	DOLL 2 a flat structure with wheels
are very different, they are	for moving heavy loads or for sup -
shown as separate senses with	porting a film camera → CORN
numbers.	DOLLY
Some words have many differ -	bleed / / ( past tense and past par -
ent meanings, and so the en -	ticiple bled / / ) verb *
tries can be long. Entries with	1 when blood flows out
five or more meanings have a	2 make smb pay money
‘menu’ at the top.	3 when colour spreads
4 take liquid/ gas from smth
5 take blood from smb
The International Phonetic Al -	commerce / / noun [U] **
phabet shows how a word is	the activity of buying and selling
pronounced.	goods and services: TRADE: the needs
of industry and commerce
When British and American pro -	basil / ; Am E / noun [U]
nunciations are very different,	a plant whose sweet leaves are used in
both are given.	salads and cooking, especially in
dishes containing tomato. Basil is a
herb.
Stress marks tell us which part	'cabin ֽcrew noun [C] the people on a
of a compound to stress when we	plane whose job is to look after the pas -
are saying it.	sengers
Irregular inflections are shown.	do1 / / (3rd person singular does / weak
; strong /; past tense
did / /; past participle done / /
verb ***
Some words are printed in red	convince / / verb [T] ***
with a star rating to show their	1 to make someone believe that some -
frequency. For example, a word	thing is true
with one star is fairly common
and a word with three stars is one	blank1 / / adj **
of the most basic words in Eng -	1 blank paper or a blank space is empty
lish.	and contains
embarrass / / verb [T] *
1 to make someone feel nervous,
ashamed, or stupid
Italic words (called ‘labels’) show	bus1 / / noun [C] ***
which part of the English-speaking	1 a large road vehicle with a lot of seats
world is used in, or tell us whether	that you pay to travel on, especially one
it is used in informal contexts,	that takes you fairly short distances and
specialized contexts etc.	stops frequently: by bus The children go
to school by bus. miss the bus If we
don’t leave soon, we’ll miss the last bus.
1a mainly Am E A COACH
2 computing a set of wires that send in
formation from one part of a computer
system to another
Sometimes a word that is used	aubergine / / noun [C/U] Br
only in British English has an ex -	E a vegetable with a smooth dark purple
act equivalent in American Eng -	skin and white flesh. Am E eggplant
lish. These equivalents are shown
at the end of a definition.
Example sentences in italic	basis / / (plural bases / /)
show us how a word is used in	noun [C] ***
context.	1 a particular method or system for doing
or organizing something: on a … basis
workers who are employed on a seasonal
or temporary basis.
Information about collocation -	on the basis of smth Don’t make your
how words combine and which	decision on the basis of cost alone.
structures can be used with a word.
When a word has many collocations,	Words frequently used with basis
these are shown in a box at the end	verbs: constitute, create, establish, form,
of the entry.	lay, provide, serve as
There's information about the use	Both above and over can be used to
of a word in practice.	mean ‘at a higher level than something’:
the light above/over the door.
Use above when something is not di -
rectly over something else: on the hillside
above the river.
Use over when something moves or
stretches across the space above some -
thing: flying over London, the bridge
over the river.
There're hints which help us to avoid	If you take something that someone of -
common errors.	fers you or if you allow something to
happen, you accept it: We accepted her
offer of help.
If you say that you are willing to do
something, you agree to do it: She
agreed to work at the weekend.
You accept something, but you agree to
do something.
There're notes that tell us about the	Cinderella / / noun [C
origin of a word.	usually singular]
1 someone or something that has good
qualities but is treated badly or ignored:
Primary education has long been the
Cinderella of the education service.
Cinderella is the main character in a fa -
mous children’s story. She is a poor girl,
badly treated by her stepsisters but, in the
end, thanks to the power of magic, she is
able to marry the rich attractive Prince
Charming.
There're definitions which introduce	address1 / / noun [C] ***
us to related words.	1 the name of the place where you live
or work, including the house or office
number and the name of the street, area,
and town. It may also include a set of
numbers and letters, called a postcode in
British English and a zip code in Ameri -
can English.
Sometimes the opposite of a word	obedient / / adj *doing what a
is shown.	person, law, or rule says you must do:
The children stood in a little group, dis -
ciplined and obedient. – opposite
DISOBEDIENT
Some definitions give us synonyms.	booking / / noun [C] **
1 an arrangement to buy a travel ticket,
stay in a hotel room etc at a later date:
RESERVATION: Holiday bookings are up
20% on last year.

Except of all the components of this Dictionary we can also single out such elements as: Language Awareness( the information about numbers, phrasal verbs, Academic English, metaphor, computer words, pragmatics, spoken discourse, sensitivity, British and American English, Business English and word formation) and different illustrations on various topics: House, Kitchen, Office, Clothes and patterns, Motorway and Types of vehicle, Transport, Car, Trees, plants and flowers, Fruit, Vegetables, Animals, Sports, Gym and Games.

Ending

In this work we succeeded in achievement of all the aims that we had had at the beginning of our investigation: to study the history of lexicography and its modern development, to make out the dictionary its notion, functions, classification and components, to characterize the Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners as an example of a dictionary of good quality. So we proved the importance of dictionary-making in modern linguistics.