Реферат: Research methods to collect primary empirical information
Incognito participant observation – participant observation when the study group doesn’t know the aims and objectives of the research.
Instant ASR – an applied sociological research which provides information about the state of an object and its characteristics at the moment of its study, or in statics.
Interviewing – a data-collection encounter in which an interviewer asks the respondent questions and records the answers.
Menu question – a question when a respondent can choose any combination of answers.
Methodological part – part of a research design which is to show what is studied (problem, aims and objectives, object and subject of research, hypotheses, basis conceptions etc).
Non-formalized analysis of documents – a qualitative method to analyze documents which means reading documents and interpreting their contents with general logic operations.
Non-standardized interview – a flexible format when an interviewer asks questions from a standardized questionnaire and his task is to record a respondent’s answers in the exact way.
Non-standardized observation – observation when a researcher does not arrange the study phenomena beforehand.
Objective – a totality of definite purposeful orientations which provide additional requirements to analyzing and solving the problem.
Observation – a method of direct recording of social events and conditions under which they take place.
Open-ended question – a question when a respondent himself formulates the answer.
Open participant observation – participant observation when the study group knows the aims and objectives of the research.
Participant observation – observation when a researcher is inside the study object.
Pilot ASR – an applied sociological research which is to check up how a basic ASR is prepared.
Problem situation – a contradiction between knowledge of people’s needs in some actions and lack of ways, methods and means of realizing such actions.
Proceeding part – part of a research design which is to show how to study (applied methods, sample etc).
Random sample – the number of units from a general sample that a researcher is to put under study.
Reliability – the extent to which a study or research instrument yields consistent results when applied to different individuals at one time or to the same individuals over time.
Repeated ASR – a study of one and the same object or objects carried out over a period of time or at several different points in time under same or different conditions, or in dynamics.
Research design – a part of an ASR which gives theoretic grounds for methodological approaches, methods and techniques of learning the object and subject of research; it consists of methodological and proceeding sections.
Respondent – a person who provides data for analysis.
Questionnaire – a method of data collection with a questionnaire form as a printed research instrument containing a series of items for respondents to answer.
Scale question – a question when a respondent checks a scale (of incidence, preference, or quantity) of 0-5 (1-10 etc).
Semi-closed question – a question when a respondent is provided with alternatives and given a chance to express his own opinion on the issue.
Social monitoring – an integral system of getting social information about the phenomena and processes taking place in the society; it is designed to fix, keep and make primary analysis of the obtained data.
Sociological monitoring – an integral system to monitor changes taking place in the society, which is based on study and analysis of mass conceptions about these changes.
Sociometric survey – a survey form used in small social groups to discover interpersonal relationships between group members by fixing preferences, likings, dislikings etc.
Standardized interview – a closed form consisting of pre-arranged questions and answers.
Standardized observation – observation when a researcher focuses his attention on pre-arranged phenomena most significant for characterizing the situation under study.