Иностранный язык / Топик: Сравнительные степени прилагательных и наречий (Comparison) Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs) Цепочки существительных (Атрибутивная, номинативная группа) (Chains of nouns)

Топик: Сравнительные степени прилагательных и наречий (Comparison) Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs) Цепочки существительных (Атрибутивная, номинативная группа) (Chains of nouns)

I mustn't forget Tara's birthday. (future)

We cannot use "Must Not" for the past. We use another structure to talk about the past, for example:

  • We were not allowed to enter.

  • I couldn't park outside the shop.

Shall and Will

People may sometimes tell you that there is no difference between shall and will, or even that today nobody uses shall (except in offers such as "Shall I call a taxi?"). This is not really true. The difference between shall and will is often hidden by the fact that we usually contract them in speaking with 'll. But the difference does exist.

The truth is that there are two conjugations for the verb will:

1st Conjugation (objective, simple statement of fact)


Person

Verb

Example

Contraction
Singular I shall I shall be in London tomorrow. I'll
you will You will see a large building on the left. You'll
he, she, it will He will be wearing blue. He'll
Plural we shall We shall not be there when you arrive. We shan't
you will You will find his office on the 7th floor. You'll
they will They will arrive late. They'll

2nd Conjugation (subjective, strong assertion, promise or command)

Person

Verb

Example

Contraction
Singular I will I will do everything possible to help. I'll
you shall You shall be sorry for this. You'll
he, she, it shall It shall be done. It'll
Plural we will We will not interfere. We won't
you shall You shall do as you're told. You'll
they shall They shall give one month's notice. They'll

It is true that this difference is not universally recognized. However, let those who make assertions such as "Americans never use 'shall'" peruse a good American English dictionary, or many American legal documents, which often contain phrases such as:

  • Each party shall give one month's notice in writing in the event of termination.

Note that exactly the same rule applies in the case of should and would. It is perfectly normal, and somewhat more elegant, to write, for example:

  • I should be grateful if you would kindly send me your latest catalogue.

Ten sentences:

  1. Children have to go to school.

  2. I must go to the university.

  3. People mustn’t drive a car when they drink alcohol.

  4. I needn’t do math today, I can do it later.

  5. I should study harder before exams.

  6. Elephants and mice can’t fly.

  7. I could play snooker much better two years ago than I can now.

  8. I can’t have made a mistake in my calculations because I used a calculator.

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