Топик: Темы для экзамена в Финансовой академии, 1 курс
When you buy something from ashop, you are making a contract. But you want to make sure if this contract means that it's up to the shop to deal with your complaints if the goods are not satisfactory. The first thing that comes to your mind is that the goods must not be broken or damaged and must work properly. The second thing that you find important is that the goods must be as described - whether on the pack or by the salesman. It makes you understand the third principle: The goods should be fit for their purpose. This means the purpose for which most people buy those particular goods. If you wanted something for a special purpose, you must have said exactly what for.
Many people think that complaining about faulty goods or bad service is never easy. Most of them dislike making a fuss. However, when you are shopping, it is important to know your rights. You are quite sure that if the shop sells you faulty goods, it has broken its side of the bargain. And that is absolutely right. In this situation customerhave the right to return the goods and have a complete refund.
At that time if the good is broken and it was your fault than seller shouldn’t return your money to you. That’ll be his right.
№8. Income and Spending.
Income is the money a person receives in exchange for work or property. There are five basic types of income:
1. Employee compensation is the income earned by working for others. It includes wages and fringe benefits such as health and accident insurance.
2. Proprietor compensation is the income that self-employed people earn.
3. Corporation profit is the income corporations have left after paying all the expenses.
4. Interest is the money received by people and corporations for depositing their money in savings account or lending it to others.
5. Rent is income from allowing others to use one's property temporarily.
The total income is the sum of 5 basic types.
One other type of income is a transfer payment - money one person or group gives to another, though the receiver has not provided a specific good or service. For example it can be gifts, inheritances, and aid to the poor are three examples of transfer payments.
Now lets speak about work people. By the type of work people do workers fall into one of four broad categories.
1. White collar workers are people who do jobs in offices, for example as secretaries, teachers, and insurance agents.
2. Blue collar workers are people who do jobs in factories or outdoors.
3. Service workers provide services to other individuals or businesses.
4. Farmworkers are people who work on their own farms or those of others.
In the market system a person's income is determined by how the market values that person's resources and skills.
People do a big mistake when they say that income is same as wealth. Wealth is any resource that can be used to produce income. An individual's possessions, such as a house, a car, or a stereo, are part of that person's wealth. Each of these could be sold to produce income.
Now if we want to understand it we have to consider two women who receive an income of $25,000 a year. One earns all of her income working at a bank. The other receives her $25,000 income from dividends on stock worth $250,000. The second woman is much wealthier than the first women.
At the end of my presentation I have to say that spending becomes income for someone else.
№9. Making a personal budget.
When you live in loneliness you understand that something should be done with your unlimited wants and limited resources. You should use your income as effectively as possible. Choices must be made concerning spending and saving. You never know whether you can afford another outing, or a disco, or a concert. Than you come to the conclusion that you must develop a useful personal budget. And if you want to do it you should keep track of your actual income and expenses for a month, and, of course, at first you have to clear out what should be recorded.
Money resources may include allowance, part-time jobs, babysitting, errands, interest on savings. You must list all sources of income. And it means that if somebody presented you with a sum of money on an account with a bank, so you can rely on interest on savings and allowance have to be included.
Than you should record how much you spend for food, entertainment, clothing, college supplies, personal care, transportation, and miscellaneous items. You wonder in which category you spend the most, the least. You think that you should decide what changes to make in the budget if you want to reduce your expenses.
You have to understand that there is some difference between fixed, optional and flexible expenses. Fixed expenses are set in advance and must be paid regularly (e.g. rent payments, tuition, higher purchase installments). Flexible expenses are necessary but change with circumstances (food, clothing, college supplies). Optional expenses vary and are not always necessary (entertainment, personal care).
Thus you can compare your income and expenses. And of course you understand if you want to live expenses should not be higher than income.
№10. The value of college education.
Every year millions of students graduate from high school. The decisions they make will affect the rest of their lives. Some will choose to go to college; some will want to get full-time jobs; others will decide to obtain technical job training. In every case, economic reasoning will help students make better choices.