Учебное пособие: Management of organization

Management is the process of working with and through others to achieve organizational objectives in a changing environment. Central to this process is the effective and efficient use of limited resources.

organizational productivity ratio, output, inflation, period of time, total, input

managerial ability capacity, objectives, efficiently, to achieve, demonstrated

small business enterprise, owned, profit-seeking, managed, employing, fewer, independently

Exercise 2. Ask questions to the given answers:

1) Question: ___________________________________________ ?

Answer: Research indicates that small busi ness managers have a different managerial role profile than do managers in larger businesses.

2) Question: ___________________________________________ ?

Answer: It is important for managers to translate the productivity problem into organizational terms.

3) Question: ___________________________________________ ?

Answer: Small business and public sector organizations afford managers some unique opportunities and challenges.

THE WRITING MODULE

III. Writing exercises:

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the suggested words:

a djusted, inspiring, of, rate, for, into

It is important _____ managers to translate the productivity problem____ organizational terms. Organizational productivity is the ratio ___ total input to total output,______ for inflation, for a specific period of time. Japan, with the world's highest ____ of productivity growth, is an ______example of how to do more with less.

Exercise 2. Compose a story on one of the topics (up to 100 words):

“Management is an important area of study”

“Small business management”

“Public sector management”

Lesson 2 . THE READING MODULE

Read the text: The evolution of management thought

Management thought has evolved in bits and pieces over the years. Although the practice of management dates back to the earliest recorded history, the systematic study of management is largely a product of the twentieth century. An information explosion in management theory has created a management theory jungle. Five conventional approaches to management are: (1) the universal process approach, (2) the operational approach, (3) the behavioral approach, (4) the systems approach, and (5) the contingency approach. A modern unconventional approach centers on Peters’ and Waterman's attributes of corporate excellence.

Henri Fayol's universal process approach assumes that all organiza tions, regardless of purpose or size, require the same management process. Furthermore, it assumes that this rational process can be reduced to separate functions and principles of management. The universal process approach, the oldest of the various approaches, is still popular today.

Dedicated to promoting production efficiency and reducing waste, the operational approach has evolved from scientific management to opera tions management. Frederick W. Taylor, the father of scientific manage ment, and his followers revolutionized industrial management through the use of standardization, time and motion study, selection and training, and pay incentives. Largely a product of the post-World War II era, operations management has broadened the scientific pursuit of efficiency to include all productive organizations. Operations management specialists often rely on sophisticated models and quantitative techniques.

Management has turned to the human factor in the human relations movement and organizational behavior. Emerging from such factors as unionization, the Hawthorne studies, and the philosophy of industrial humanism, the human relations movement began as a concerted effort to make employees' needs a high management priority. Today, organizational behavior tries to identify the multiple determinants of job performance.