Учебное пособие: Management of organization

The contingency approach is an effort to determine through research which managerial practices and techniques are appropriate in specific situations. It is characterized by an open-system perspective, a practical research orientation, and a multivariate approach to research.

I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1. Read and memorize using a dictionary:

approach, survival, behavior, pursuit, determinant, priority, quantitative techniques, waste, job performance, contingency, effort, environment

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1) What are conventional approaches to management?

2) What does the universal process approach assume?

3) What has the operational approach evolved from?

4) What do operations management specialists often rely on?

Exercise 3. Match the left part with the right:

1. Today, organizational behavior tries	a)the oldest of the various approaches, is still popular today.
2. Henri Fayol's universal process approach assumes	b)the scientific pursuit of efficiency to include all productive organizations.
3.The universal process approach,	c) to identify the multiple determinants of job performance.
4.Operations management has broadened	d)that this rational process can be reduced to separate functions and principles of management.

Exercise 4. Open brackets choosing the right words:

Dedicated to promoting production efficiency and (increasing/reducing) waste, the operational approach has (evolved/resumed) from scientific management to opera tions management.

THE SPEAKING MODULE

II. Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1. Describeuniversal process approach, operational approach, behavioral approach, systems approach, contingency approach using the suggested words and expressionsas in example:

universal process approach the same, rational, assumes, regardless, size, require example: Henri Fayol's universal process approach assumes that all organiza tions, regardless of purpose or size, require the same management process. Furthermore, it assumes that this rational process can be reduced to separate functions and principles of management.

operational approach waste, standardization, promoting, motion study, incentives, training

behavioral approach unionization, human relations, priority, industrial humanism, employees' needs

systems approach open systems, survival, related, closed system, environment, outside

contingency approach perspective, orientation, research, open-system, multivariate, specific situations, managerial

Exercise 2. Ask questions to the given answers:

1) Question: ___________________________________________ ?

Answer: Although the practice of management dates back to the earliest recorded history, the systematic study of management is largely a product of the twentieth century.