Контрольная работа: Работа над английскими текстами "Prices and markets", "Price and value"
PRICES AND MARKETS
1. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова и выражения.
Determinant-определить, valuable-ценный, commodity-товар, subjective- субъективный, worth- стоящий, ценность, transaction- сделка, reveal- раскрывать, nowadays- в настоящее время, kind- вид, arise- возникнуть, necessarily- обязательно, familiar- знакомый, meaning- значение, arrangement- договоренность, requirement- требование, efficiently- эффективно, foreign-иностранный, participants- участники, commodity- товар, countrywide- по всей стране, world-wide- по всему миру, foodstuff's- пищевые продукты, thesamething- та же самая вещь, thebasicdeterminantsofprice-базовое определение цены, subjectivevalue- субъективная ценность, theeconomicworthofvalue-экономически обоснованная цена, markettransactions- рыночные сделки, exchangeofgoodsandservices- обмен товарами и услугами, amuchwidermeaning- намного более широкое значение, thesmallad. Columns-маленькая колонка объявлений, onacountrywidebasis-общенациональное значение, undermarketconditions-под действием рыночных условий.
2. К каждому термину из левой колонки подберите русский перевод. Запишите получившиеся пары и выучите слова и выражения.
| ad. | Рекламный |
| buyer | покупатель |
| commodity | товар |
| concern | забота; интерес; дело; отношение; касательство |
| consumergoods | потребительские товары |
| dealing | сделка, операция |
| ease | легкость |
| imply | заключать в себе, значить; подразумевать |
| kind | вид |
| meaning | значение |
| participant | участник |
| particularly | особенно |
| represent | представлять, означать |
| reveal | раскрывать |
| seller | продавец |
| separate | отдельный |
| supply | предложение |
| transaction | сделка |
3. Внимательно прочитайте текст № 1, переведите его устно.
Price and Value
In this chapter we discuss the basic determinants of price. Price is not the same thing as value. Things are 'valuable' because people think they are, and for no other reason. The 'value' which an individual places on a commodity can not be measured; its value will be different for different people. This kind of subjective value is not the concern of the economist who is interested only in 'value in exchange'. The economic worth of value of a good can only be measured in some kind of market transaction which reveals the value of the good in terms of what is offered in exchange for it. If 5 Ib of potatoes will exchange for 5 Ib of sugar, then the 'price' of 1 Ib of sugar is 5 Ib of potatoes. Nowadays practically all exchanges represent an exchange of goods and services for money, and prices in terms of money are the market valueofthe things they buy.
Markets
Prices arise in exchange transactions and this implies some kind of market. This need not, necessarily, be a fixed location - a building, or a market place. We are all familiar with the open and covered markets in the centres of our towns, but in the modem world the word 'market' has a much wider meaning. Any effective arrangement for bringing buyers and sellers into contact with one another is defined as a market. The small ad. columns of the local newspaper provide a very efficient market for second-hand cars. Face to face contact between buyers and sellers is not a requirement for a market to be able to operate efficiently. In the foreign exchange market, buyers and sellers are separated by thousands of miles, but the knowledge of what is happening in the market is just as complete, and the ease of dealing is just as effective as if the participants were in the same room.
For some commodities, notably fresh fruit and vegetables, the traditional market is still the normal arrangement, but for most goods the market is a national one. Most consumer goods, in developed countries, are bought, and sold on a countrywide basis. For other commodities the market is world-wide. This is particularly true of the more important primary products such as rubber, tin, copper, and oil, and of the basic foodstuff's such as meat, wheat, sugar, tea, and coffee. Most of the products of advanced technology also have world markets, for example, computers, aeroplanes, ships, and motor cars.
The price of any economic good, under market conditions such as we find in the capitalist world, is determined by the forces of supply acting through the sellers and the forces of demand acting through the buyers, determine the market price.
4. Найдите в тексте слова из задания № 2. Выпишите предложения с ними и переведите их письменно на русский язык.
1. The small ad. columns of the local newspaper provide a very efficient market for second-hand cars.
Маленькая колонка объявлений местной газеты обеспечивает очень эффективный рынок для подержанных автомобилей.
2. Any effective arrangement for bringing buyers and sellers into contact with one another is defined as a market.
Любая эффективная договоренность относительно того, чтобы свести покупателей и продавцов друг с другом рассматривается как рынок.
3. The 'value' which an individual places on a commodity can not be measured; its value will be different for different people.
'Ценность' на ценнике на товаре не могут быть измерена; его ценность будет различна для различных людей.
4. This kind of subjective value is not the concern of the economist who is interested only in 'value in exchange'
Этот вид субъективной ценности - не беспокоит экономиста, который заинтересован только в ' ценность в обмене '
5.Most consumer goods, in developed countries, are bought, and sold on a countrywide basis.
Большинство товаров народного потребления, в развитых странах, куплено, и продано на общенациональном рынке.
6. Face to face contact between buyers and sellers is not a requirement for a market to be able to operate efficiently.
Свести лицом к лицу покупателя и продавца- не обязательное требование для рынка, чтобы он работал эффективно.
7. In the foreign exchange market, buyers and sellers are separated by thousands of miles, but the knowledge of what is happening in the market is just as complete, and the ease of dealing is just as effective as if the participants were in the same room.
На валютном рынке покупатели и продавцы отделены тысячами миль, но знают то, что случается в рынке, столь же полно, и легко проведут сделку, как будто участники находятся в одной комнате.
8. We are all familiar with the open and covered markets in the centres of our towns, but in the modem world the word 'market' has a much wider meaning.
Мы все знакомы с открытыми и крытыми рынками в центрах наших городов, но в современном мире у слова 'рынок' есть намного более широкое значение.
9. This is particularly true of the more important primary products such as rubber, tin, copper, and oil, and of the basic foodstuff's such as meat, wheat, sugar, tea, and coffee.
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