Реферат: Globalisation What Implications For Democratic Decision
have taken significant steps recently to improve accountability and openness in
domestic policy-making processes. The same emphasis however, has not been
placed on the development of "world domestic policy"(26) or
"global governance". Global governance can
be loosely defined as the process by which we collectively manage and govern
resources, issues, conflicts and values in a world that is increasingly a
"global neighbourhood".(27) But there is currently no "world
government". What we have is a range of unco-ordinated international
institutions ? the United Nations, the World Trade Organisation, the European
Union, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, the OECD ? which
manage, set guidelines, or make rules, for better or for worse, in selected
policy areas. Some of them are currently under considerable pressure to reform.
Whatever the future institutional arrangements, democracy, transparency and
openness will need to feature alongside effectiveness as important
considerations in the development of the structures of global governance. Considerations of the
connection between democratic processes and international decisions are just
beginning to surface. The European Union ? perhaps a harbinger for global
governance ? is currently the subject of much national and inter-member debate
on the relative roles, responsibilities and accountability relationships
between the Commission, the Parliament, the Council and Member governments
(including national Parliaments).(28) As in national
decision-making processes, strategies for integrating multiple interests into
policy would also help to improve democracy at the international level.
Questions have been raised recently, even in the OECD context, as to whether
the current arrangements for consultation with labour and business(29) should
be augmented by procedures to consult with other interests such as consumer or
environmental groups. It is important that these procedures be well managed.
There is a danger ? as exists in the national context ? that pressures from
well-organised lobbies will overshadow the needs of the less vocal majority.