Реферат: Обучение письменной речи на старшем этапе средней школы

Special occasion cards are sent to family and friends on some of the special days during the year; for example, on Christmas, Valentine's Day, Easter, Mother's Day, Father's Day, Halloween. It is the custom for young children to give valentines to each other in their classes in school. Teenagers and grown-ups sometimes send valentines to their girlfriends, boyfriends, husbands or wives.

2. Написание (составление) плана прочитанного/прослушанно­го текста в форме вопросов, назывных (номинативных) или простых утвердительных предложений, сказуемым которых является глагол в настоящем времени изъявительного наклонения. Это упражнение может рассматриваться как подготовительное к выполнению более сложных речевых упражнений (и в письме, и в других видах речевой деятельности). Составление плана играет важную роль в повышении культуры мышления, улучшения логики: наблюдая способ письменно­го изложения мыслей в тексте-источнике, обучаемые учатся последова­тельному изложению, развитию идеи, приемам выражения причин­но-следственных отношений, выделению главного, отделению более существенной информации от менее существенной и др. Психологи отмечают, что составление плана является весьма важной опорой запоминания.

Пример:

Прочитайте текст и составьте вопросы к нему:

England.

England is the largest and the richest country of Great Britain. The capital of England is London but there are other large industrial cities, such as Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester and other famous and interesting cities such as York, Chester, Oxford and Cambridge. Stonehenge is one of the most famous prehistoric places in the world. This ancient circle of stones stands in Southwest England. It measures 80 metres across and made with massive blocks of stone up to four metres high. Why it was built is a mystery.

Not far from Stonehenge stands Salisbury Cathedral. It is a splendid example of an English Gothic Cathedral; inside there is one of four copies of Magna Charta and the oldest clock in England. Chester is very important town in the north-west of England. In the past it used to be a Roman fort; its name comes from the Latin word castra, meaning "fortified camp". In Chester there is a famous museum which contains over 5000 ancient and modern toys.

Oxford is the home of the oldest university of England. The most famous college is Christ Church. It has a great hall which was built during the reign of Henry VIII and its chapel has become the Cathedral of Oxford. Cambridge is the home of Britain's second oldest university. York was the capital of Northern England. It is one of the best preserved medieval cities of Europe. It was built by Romans, conquered by Anglo-Saxons and ruled by the Vikings. Birmingham is often called the "City of 1,500 trades" because of the great variety of its industries.

Questions:

1. What are large industrial cities of England?
2. What is one of the most famous prehistoric place in the world?
3. Where are the oldest clock in England and a copy of Magna Charta now?
4. What is Chester interesting for?
5. What are two oldest universities in England?
6. What was the capital of Northern England?
7. Why is Birmingham called the "City of 1,500 trades"?

3. Вариантом упражнения в составлении плана является озаглавливание выделенных частей текста, а также написание тезисов - развернутого плана, отражающего смысловые вехи пись­менного сообщения.

Умение составить план и тезисы прочитанного/прослушанного текста облегчает обучаемым овладение другими формами письменной речи, в частности - изложением и конспектированием.

Пример:

Прочтите, переведите текст и составьте тезисы к нему:

London.

London is the capital of Great Britain or the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is an old city, its history counts more than two thousand years. London is both the capital oi the country and a huge port. London is situated upon both banks of the Thames, about forty miles from the mouth and is divided into two parts by the river: north and south. There are 17 bridges that cross the river. The population of London is more than 9 million people.

The history of London goes back to Roman times. Due to favourable geographical position, soon after the Roman conquest, a small town became an important trade centre. Actually, London can be divided into several parts: the City or Downtown of London, Westminster, the West End and the East End. The City is the oldest part of London with narrow streets and pavements. There are many offices, compa