Реферат: Смягчение воды методом ионного обмена
The first way – reagent method i.e., addition slaked to exhaust and soda Na2CO3 (a limy way), addition of polyphosphates.
The second way - application of cationits , i.e., synthetic ion-exchangepitches (filtering).
Ion-exchangepitches
These are substances capable to an ionic exchange at contact to solutions of electrolits. Ionic-exchangeclearing allows to take and utilize a wide spectrum of polluting substances: heavy metals, chrom, nitrates and nitrites, cyanic connections, radioactive substances, and also умягчаетand unironingwater. Thus the high degree of clearing (up to a level of maximum concentration limit) is reached. Except for that ionits are used for unsaltingwaters during water-preparation. Inorganic and organic ionits can be natural (for example: zeolites, cellulose, peat, wood) and synthetic (silica geland the most important ion-exchangepitches). Depending on a degree dissociation of ion-exchangepitches can be strong and weak. Depending on a sort of ions which are connected to active groups of ionits, distinguish the following its form: for cationits- the hydrogen form (H-form) and the salt form, when active groups are connected to ions of metals (for example, Na-form, NH4 -form), for anionitsOH-form, Cl-form, etc. Ability of ionitsto a full exchange is characterized by exchange capacity which is equal to number of its active groups participating in an exchange. For the quantitative characteristic of ion-exchange properties of ionitsusually define their dynamic and sometimes full (general) exchange capacity (static). Main requirements to ionits, used for water treating: high exchange capacity, high speed of an ionic exchange, sufficient stability in relation to acids, alkalis, oxidizers and reducers, insolubility in water, organic solvents and solutions of electrolits and limited swelling capacity. In water-preparation in a conditions of life are frequently used high-acidcationitsdomestic and import manufacturers mainly for softeningand iron removal of waters. An example: the structure of cationitscan be expressed formulaNa2 R, where Na+ - rather mobile cation. If to pass hard water through layers of cationitsions of sodium exchange on ions of calcium and magnesium:
Ca 2 + +Na2 R = 2Na + + CaR
Mg 2 + +Na2 R = 2Na + + MgR
Thus ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ pass from a solution to cationit, and ions Na+ -from cationitin a solution, and rigidity is eliminated. After pauperization of cationitions of Na+ cationits usually recycle. Them maintain in solution NaCl where there is a return replacement - ions Na+ pass in cationit, and ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ - in a solution:
CaR + 2Na+ = Na2 R + Ca 2+
MgR + 2Na + = Na2 R + Mg 2+
After that regenerated cationitcan be used for mitigation of new portions of hard water. The degree of regeneration is influenced with type of ionits, structure of the sated layer, the nature, concentration and a solution of recycling substance, temperature, time of contact and the charge of reagents. Restoration of exchange capacity at regeneration usually makes 60 - 100 %.
Kinds of rigidity
General rigidity. It is defined by total concentration of ions of calcium and magnesium. Represents the sum of carbonate(time) and uncarbonate(constant) rigidity.
Carbonate rigidity. It is caused by presence in water of hydrocarbonates and carbonates (at рН> 8.3) calcium and magnesium. The given type of rigidity almost completely is eliminated at boilingwaters and consequently refers to as time rigidity. At heating water hydrocarbonates break up with formation of a coal acid and settling out of a carbonate of calcium and oxyhydroxide of magnesium.
Uncarbonate rigidity. It is caused by presence calcium and magnesian salts of strong acids (the chamois, nitric, hydrochloric) and at boilingit is not eliminated (constant rigidity).
Origin of rigidity
Ions of calcium (Ca2+ ) and magnesium (Mg2+ ), and also others alkali-ground metals causing rigidity, are present at all mineralizeed waters. Their source are natural deposits of limestones, plaster and dolomite. Ions of calcium and magnesium act in water as a result of interaction dissolved dioxide of carbon with minerals and at other processes of dissolution and chemical aeration of rocks. As a source of these ions, the microbiological processes proceeding in soil on the area of a reservoir can serve in ground adjournment, and also sewage of the various enterprises also.
Rigidity of water changes over a wide range and there is a set of types of classifications of water on a degree of its rigidity. Usually in little mineralizeed waters prevails (up to 70%-80 %) the rigidity caused by ions of calcium (though in separate rare cases magnesian rigidity can reach(achieve) 50-60 %). With increase in a degree of a mineralization of water the contents of ions of calcium (Са2+ ) quickly falls and seldom exceeds 1 g/l. The contents of ions of magnesium (Mg2+ ) in high mineralizeed waters can reach several grammes, and in salty lakes - tens grammes on one litre of water.As a whole, rigidity of superficial waters, as a rule, is less than rigidity of waters underground. Rigidity of superficial waters is subject to appreciable seasonal fluctuations, reaching usually the greatest value at the end of winter and the least during a high water when it is plentifully diluted soft rain and thawed snow. Sea and ocean water have very high rigidity (tens and hundreds in mg - ecv/l)
Influence of rigidity
From the point of view of application of water for drinking needs, its acceptability on a degree of rigidity can vary essentially depending on local conditions. The threshold of taste for an ion of calcium lays (in recalculation on a mg - equivalent) in a range of 2-6 mg - ecv/l, depending on corresponding of anionits, and a threshold of taste for magnesium and than that is lower. In some cases water is comprehensible to consumers with rigidity above 10 mg-ecv/l. High rigidity worsens organoleptic properties of water, giving to it bitterish taste and having negative an effect on bodies of digestion.
The world Organization of Public health services (CART) does not offer any recommended size of rigidity under indications of influence on health. In materials the CART is spoken that though a number of researches and has revealed statistically inverse relationship between rigidity of potable water and the cardiovascular diseases, the available data are not sufficient for a conclusion about causal character of this communication. Similarly, unequivocally it is not proved, that soft water renders a negative effect on balance of mineral substances of an organism of the person
At the same time, depending on рНand alkalinity, water with rigidity of 4 mg-ecv/l can above cause in distributive system adjournment of slags and scums (a carbonate of calcium), is especial at heating. For this reason norms of Boiler inspection enter very rigid requirements to size of rigidity of the water used for a meal of boilers (0.05-0.1 mg-ecv/l). Besides at interaction of salts of rigidity with washing substances (the soap, detergent powders, shampoos) occurs formation of "soap slags" as foam. It results not only in the significant overexpenditure of washing-up liquids. Such foam after drying remains as a strike on the sanitary technician, linen, a human skin, on hair (unpleasant feeling of "rigid" hair well-known to much). The main negative influence of these slags on the person is that they destroy a natural fatty film with which the normal skin is always covered and hammer its time. An attribute of such negative influence is characteristic "scratch" of cleanly washed up skin or hair. It appears, that the irritation causing in some people feeling "soapiness" after using soft water is an attribute of that the protective fatty film on a skin is whole and safe. It also slides.
At the same time, it is necessary to mention and other side of a medal. Soft water with rigidity less than 2 mg-ecv/l has low buffer capacity (alcalinity) and can, depending on a level рНand of some other factors, render the increasedcorrosive attack to water pipes. Therefore, in a number of applications (it is especial in the heating engineer) sometimes it is necessary to carry out special processing of water with the purpose of achievement of an optimum ratio between rigidity of water and its corrosion activity.
EXPERIMENTAL PART
The adsorption processes including both processes cleanly including physical, and the processes conducting to formation of new chemical substances are rather various. Processes concern to them ion-exchange chromatographies proceeding between ionitsand solutions of electrolit also.
Due to the universality and these processes have found of flexibility wide application in analytical chemistry, food and an iron and steel industry, in power system, water-preparation and in many other areas of a science and technics(technical equipment), and now supersede from an industrial practice other methods sorption[1-3]. Despite of the big assortment industrial ionits, the majority of them, especially, condensation type differ such low parameters, as low speed sorption, small stability to thermal, chemical influences, etc. It limits opportunities and spheres of their application [4,5].
By us it is received new monofunctional sulphocationiteon the basis of interaction of styrene with an accessible and cheap waste of agricultural and cotton scraping industries.
Sorption abilities of sulphocationiteto ions of calcium, magnesium, copper, nickel carried out research from 0.1N solutionsof СаСl2 , MgCl2 , CuSO4 and NiSO4 . Sorption of calcium and magnesium determined by trilonometric, copper by iodometric, nickel by photocolorimetric methods [10,11].
According to the literary data, polymers and ion-exchangers, received on the basis of derivatives of furan differ from raised thermal and chemical stability and mechanical durability [5,6]. The basic properties of received sulphocationiteare submitted in table 1.