Реферат: Summary British History Essay Research Paper ESWHChapter

In 1039 Gruffydd ap Llewelyn was the first Welsh king to rule all over Wales.

Ireland

Ireland was never invaded by the Anglo-Saxons or the Romans. They had their own Celtic culture. Kings were chosen by election. Christianity came to England about AD 430, which is the beginning of Irelands history.

Scotland

Scotland was populated by different groups;

?The Picts; The main group/ lived in the north and northeast/ spoke Celtic

?The non-Pictish/ mainly Scots who moved to the highlands from Ireland in the Fourth century.

?The Britons/ lived in the lowlands.

The early middle ages

Chapter 4 conquest and feudal rule

The Norman conquest

William was crowned king, his conquest had only just begun. Only the Saxon Lords who accepted William completely from the beginning kept their land, the others lost everything.

William gave the land to his Norman nobles.

Feudalism

William was smart in giving away land. He gave his nobles and armies land in different parts of Britain, so they couldn?t gather men easily to start a rebellion.

At the same time he kept enough land himself to make sure was stronger. He kept the Saxon system of sherrifs.

Feudalism came from the French word feu. It means that all the land belongs to the King, but there are several Lords who look after it. In return for goods.

William decided to make an overview of his land and the value of it. This was no very popular, because everyone felt they could not escape this.

Kingship: a family business

When William died he left the Duchy of Normandy to his Elder son, Robert. He gave England to his second son, William. When William died, their younger brother Henry acted quickly and took over the throne. Robert was very angry and decided to invade England, but it took him over a year to gather an army.

The Norman nobles had to choose between Henry and Robert. They chose Henry, because he was already in London, with a crown on his head.

In 1106 Henry invaded Normandy and defeated Robert. England and normandy were now under the same ruler.

Henry?s son died and he had no other sons so he left everything to his daughter Matilda. He married her to a French noble. When henry died, His nephew Stephen did the same thing as him and raced to England to take the Throne. Matilda invaded four years later, with the result of a civil war. Matilda finally accepted Stephen as a king, but when he died he would have to leave the throne to her son.

Stephen died only one year later, and England was ruled by a king accepted by everyone, Henry II.

He married Eleanor of Aquitaine and he also ruled anjou. His empire stretched from the pyrenees to the Borders of Scotland.

Henry quarrelled with his wife and his two sons took the side of their mother. Henry died in 1189, defeated by his sons. Richard followed his father. He has always been one of Englands most popular kings.

Richard the lionhearted was captured by the duke of Austria on his return from the holy land. The Duke demanded money and it took England two years to pay. Richard was killed in France in 1199 and the French king took over Richard?s part of France.

Richard had no son, so his brother John followed him. John wasn?t popular because he was greedy.

He made a lot of money by raising taxes and payments.