Реферат: Теоретическая грамматика

E.g.: receive, conceive

retain, contain

transfer, refer.

Affix is a term denoting recurrent formative morphemes, other than roots. From the point of view of formal presentation we distinguish: overt [ouvit] and covert [kA vit]. Overt morphemes are represented explicitly: "retell", "asked"; covert morphemes coincide with 0(zero morpheme). Every morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit, thus "ed" conveys the morpheme of Past tense. We should differentiate form-building morphemes (that are grammatical) and word-building

morphemes (they are lexical). E.g.: movement , outline - word-building morphemes asked, asks, getting - form-building morphemes 5. Form-building morpheme is called word changing. Modern English extremely poor according to the word-changing, but there are some.

1). Affixation.

It is the use of epithets. E.g.: "bus" - "buses".

Only Suffixation is used in modern English. Prefixation was productive in old English period. For the formation of perfect participle

2). Sound Interchange.

Vowel interchange Consonant interchange

3). Supplative forms

"bad" - "worse" - "worst"

"go" - "went" - "gone"

"be", "is", "are", "am" - "was", "were" - "been".

All of 1), 2), 3) - belong to the syntactic way of form-building.

4). Analytical forms are particular word-combinations, made up of an auxiliary or a notional word.

LECTURE 4.

Analytical forms are very productive in modern English

Grammar deals with form-building .

is.....................................................ing

have................................................en frames

was..................................................ed

continuous morphemes

The matter is, that the analytical ???????? (can be put) consist of two meaningful morphemes. Analytical morphemes are not free word combination like "a red rose", neither are phraseological units like " red tape"(burocracy). Analytical forms can't be compared with words, they are word forms like synthetic forms, performing a definite grammatical function. The word

1. The definition of the word.

2. The characteristic features of the word.

3. The two planes of the word.

The word is the main object of lexicology as well. It is not easy to give rigorous definition of the word. Since it is very complex and many sided phenomenon. The term "word" denotes the basic unit of a given language, resulting from the associations of a particular meaning with the particular group of sounds, capable of the particular grammatical employment. Arnold, "The

English word". This working definition of the word implies that the word is simultaneously