Реферат: Total Quality Management In Construction Essay Research

not be what is required. Numerical goals may also limit the amount of growth, particularly in organizations used to working up to an

average.

3.Communication Communication is the glue that binds all the techniques, practices, philosophies, and tools. Communication may be

written, verbal, or nonverbal. Understanding and refining skills for each main type communication is an ongoing process for everyone.

All forms of communication involve four elements: the sender, the receiver, the message, and the medium. The medium is the method of

delivery, and can effect the message. It was said that “the medium is the message”, referring in part to the filtering effects that can

happen to the message and how personality factors may influence our understanding (figure. 4). VI. Written Communication. Office

memos and reports are the result of hundreds of hours (studies indicate anywhere from 21% to 70% of office workers? time is spent in

manipulating written information) of work, and their final form should be worthy of spending some time to get words right. The use of

white space and graphical elements such as charts and figures enhances the readability of any written piece. Given the vast amount of

time spent on reading and creating memos, letters, proposals, and the like, the byword on written communication should be more is

better, and the less is permanent (memos sent electronically, faxes, hand notes on the bottom of the letters, rather than typed, recorded

reply) the better. VII. Verbal. Verbal communication takes place in many different settings, and the form of the communication will vary.

One sort of vocabulary may be used to address shareholders and a different idiom may be used altogether when chatting with

construction workers. The skills principally lacking in verbal communication are public speaking and small group interactions. Public

speaking scares people to death. This fear may be overcome by training(organizing and practice), videotaping the presentation (to review

latter), and practice(on small group to build confidence). Small group interactions are essential to buildup comfort and ease among the

group. It will provide a sense of team work and it is vital to have small talk among the team. VIII. Nonverbal. Humans infer a great deal

of information from nonverbal clues. This non verbal clues includes body language as well as things as dress for success. Psychologists

believe that nonverbal clues lead to “gut feels” about how to interact with another person. Despite the similarities of nonverbal

communication, there are cultural differences, and is probably most important to understand these, rather than reading individuals body

language. It is easy to fall into the trap of overanalyzing nonverbal clues and infusing them with meaning, when, for example, someone

may be hard of hearing or near/far-sighted rather than being inattentive (or too attentive).

4.Continuous Evaluation Feedback is essential to continuous improvement. How else would we know if our goals are being reached?.

These feedback mechanisms may be simple oral or written reports, information systems, or complex automated statistical analyses

integrated with our expert systems. The key is to receive the information in time to allow initiating corrective action. For example, in

construction feedback from engineers, subcontractors and so forth can help us as managers to find new ways to reduce cost and schedule.

Feedback may also help architects to find the best way to construct a building and therefore effecting the design. We also should

understand and separate assessable causes from chance causes. Assessable causes have distinct reasons for there existence, while chance