Топик: Replacement Housing (Помещения для ремонтного молодняка)
Ø Proper ventilation and environment.
Ø Proper resting space or freestall size.
Space requirements for a particular operation depend on the housing system chosen and how replacements move from the resting area to feed and to water and back again. Herd size and makeup are guides to estimating the space needed for resting, but alley size, water space and bunk space must also be considered to accommodate the animals and provide an animal friendly environment.
Provide separate areas for resting and feeding. Feeding in resting areas increases manure accumulation and more bedding is required to keep animals clean and dry.
Resting space
Adequate resting space for management groups is a key factor in efficient growth. Required space for different housing alternatives including bedded resting areas, self-cleaning resting areas (solid, sloped floors) and freestalls are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
Feeding and watering space
Provide adequate feeding space, so young stock do not have to compete for feed. Optimum feeding space varies with type of feed, feeding schedule and animal size, Fig 1 and Tables 5 and 6.
Water is essential at all times. Provide at least one watering space per 20 animals. Dairy heifers need 1-1,5 gal of water daily per 100 lb body weight. Select waterers that are easy to clean; protect them from freezing. Locate waterers on elevated curbs and in a location that allows easy manure removal around them. Adjust waterer height to allow small animal access.
Handling and treatment facilities
Animal treatment areas are a necessary part of the replacement housing system. Vaccinations, artificial insemination, pregnancy checking, deworming, dehorning and examinations are done easily and safely for animals and workers when animals can be separated and restrained easily. Equipment that eases labor and saves time in handling animals are:
Ø Scales.
Ø Self-locking feed stanchions.
Ø Gating/fencing.
Ø Squeeze chute/breeding chute.
Prep room
Locate a work room near calf housing for feed storage, a refrigerator/freezer, hot water heater, cleaning sink, health records and supplies. This area can be used to prepare milk replacer and clean feeding equipment.
Feed and bedding storage
Store bedding and feed in the building or nearby. Reduce daily hauling and feeding time by storing a one to two weeks supply. Storage space depends on animal density, feeding frequency and feed availability.
Table 2. Calf and transition housing.
|
Housing type |
Pen size |
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0—2 months (individual pens) | |
|
Calf hutch (plus 4'x6' outdoor run) Bedded pen Tie stall (warm housing only) |
4'x8' 4'x7' 2'x4' |
|
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