Топик: Список + все темы по английскому языку для сдачи выпускного экзамена в 11 классе 2001 года
SAVE ©UR PLANET BEFORE IT'S TOO LATE!
Since ancient times nature ha& served Man, being the source of his life. Humans have been living on this planet fer two million years and in the last tw® hundred years humans have made a mess ©f the planet; chopped trees^ killed animals, polluted air^ land, water, etc. Because efthat we new have a let of problems I'll name just a few of them: 1. the greenhouse; 2. killing forests and animals; 3-. water, air, land pollution; 4. rubbish problems; S. nuclear power.
The earth has been getting hotter because we are producing too many greenhouse gases. These gases hold heat. Trees and plants help to take gases, such as carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, but we have now destroyed too many trees. There aren't enough trees and plants to do this job. We make carbon dioxide when we burn wood or drive cars. Other dangerous gases are in refrigerators and spray cans. Polluting gases fall as acid rains Acid rain is a kind of air pollution. It is caused-by factories that bum-coal or oil or gas. These-factories send smoke high into the air. The wind often carries the smoke far from the factories.
The ram in many places isn't natural and clean any more. It's full of acid chemicals. When it falls in lakes, it changes them too. The lakes become more acidie. Acid water is like vinegar or lemon Juice. It hurts when-it gets in-your eyes. It also kills the plants and animals that usually live in lake water As a result of air pollution only 2-3 per cent of healthy babies are born in Yaroslavl and people cannot bathe-in the Volga river.
The pollution of air and the world's ocean, destruction of ozone layer is the result of man's careless interaction with nature^ a-sign of ecological crises.
As a result of man's careless interaction with nature some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever. For example, the-Blue Whale, the Panda, the California-Big^ Tree are on the verge of extinction now. Many animals have gone forever, as their habitats have been destroyed at-an alarming rate, 340i miles a day!
The truth is that we use animals or parts of animals for jewellery, clothes, soaps, etc. All the moment weare using lOOdof animals-every year for tests of things, like shampoos to find-out if they cause any irritation. Some of the animals go blind or ever die from these tests. We kill whales for their oil, which weuse for cosmetics and soaps. A lot of expensive jewellery are made from ivory, from the horns of elephants and rhinos. African elephants are disappearing fast. People continue to kill animals to wear fur coats. Some of these animals like fox are in danger or extinction.
Believe it or noty but every ten- minuter one kind- of animal or plant dies out forever. If nothing is done about it one million species that are alive today will have become extinct twenty years from-now.
One of the most important problems now is the rubbish problem. Many people find it easy to drop anything on the ground. They think that it is very little, but very big garbage heaps appear from small wrappers. Littering isn't very dangerous, but trash in the streets looks ugly, on the nature it spoils the view. Littering is very awful when wind carries scraps of paper and cans go under one's feet, rotting food attracts birds and rats, which carry disease. There are many countries, which have a law against littering. But in Russia there isn’t such a law. That is why many cities in our country are as garbage heaps.
One of the most horrible ecological problems is nuclear power, because nuclear weapons could destroy the world. Nuclear weapon tests increase the amount of radiation in the atmosphere. Nuclear power produces high-level radioactive waste, which can be dangerous for thousands of years. Nuclear explosions on the ground caused irreversible changes in the chemical composition C^y of the upper atmosphere. 'S»
As a result of the Chemobyl tragedy in April 1986^ about 18 per cent of the territory of Belarus were polluted with radioactive substances. A great damage has been done to the republic's agriculture^ forests and people's health. The consequences of this explosion at the atomic power station are tragic for the Belarussian nation.
Some scientists^are pessimistic about our problems. They suppose that we-havealrear reached the point of no return. Others are more optimistic and believe rh;-n n
Arthur Conan Doyle
Arthur Conan Doyle was born in the capital of Scotland, Edinburgh. His father, Charles E. Doyle, was an artist and architect by profession, but he worked as a clerk in an office. The father died young and the Doyles were very poor.
Arthur’s mother was a very good story-teller and he remembered her fantastic stories all his life. The talent of story-telling was inherited by Arthur from his mother and it helped him as a writer.During his school years he read much, and he often told his school friends long and interesting stories, getting cakes and sweets for that.
After leaving school Conan Doyle became a student of the medical faculty at the university of Edinburgh. In this third year of studies he went as a ship doctor to the Arctic and upon graduating from the university, he again went in a ship to western Africa.
He began his medical practice in a small English town Southsea, where he spent eight years. In 1887, he published his first detective story “A study in Scarlet”. Its main characters were Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, and they became the most popular characters of a great many of Conan Doyle’s stories.
“A scandal in Bohemia” opened a collection of detective stories under the title “The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes”. The story was published in 1891 and soon after that Baker Street became the well-known address of Sherlock Holmes.
The readers asked for more and more stories about Sherlock Holmes and for two years Conan Doyle wrote them. When he had written about twenty stories with Sherlock Holmes as the main detective, he was so tired of these stories that he decided “ to kill Sherlock Holmes”. He wrote a story, which he named “Holmes’s last case” (1893). In this story Holmes was killd during his struggle with Professor Moriarty. The writer hoped that after that he could begin writing other books.
But the readers did not wish to lose their favourite character and ten years later the famous detective appeared again. In 1901 –1902 one of Conan Doyle’s best stories “The hound of the Baskervilles” was published.
In 1891 Conan Doyle gave up his medical work and devoted all his time to his literaty activity. He also travelled much. He visited Europe, the USA and Egypt. In Norway he met Jerome K. Jerome, who wrote about that fact in one of his books.
Beside detective stories, Conan Doyle also wrote historic novels, war books and an anticolonial book about the Belgian Congo. His two fantastic stories “The lost world” (1912) and “The Poisoned Belt” (1913) were quite successful.
All his life Conan Doyle liked sports, he skied played golf and went in for boxing.
He died in 1930, After his death, the famous detective Sherlock Holmes, together with his friend Dr. Watson, continued to live on the pages of Conan Doyle’s books. They are amound the favourite characters of English literature.
Tourists coming to London always go to visit Bakers street to see the house where Sherlock Holmes lived.
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov
The world is rich in remarkable authors, but I think that Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was one of the greatest authorities. He is my favourite writer. In my opinion, he is the greatest Russian dramatist and short-story writer. I’m never tired of reading and rereading his plays and humorous stories.
Chekhov was born in 1860 in Taganrog. In 1879 he went to Moscow, where he studies medicine. Though he practised little as a doctor in his lifetime, he was prouder of his medical knowledge than of his writing talent.
While in college, Chekhov wrote humorous sketches for comic papers to support his family. He collected the best ones into a volume, Motley Stories, in 1886. The book attracted the attention of the publisher of the Novoje Vremja, Russia’s largest paper, and Chekhov was asked to contribute stories regularly.
Chekhov, as an established writer, was able to develop a style of his own. Though he never gave up writing comic stories, he began working in a more serious vein. In 1887 Ivanov, his first play, established Chekhov as a dramatist. From then on, he concentrated on writing plays, as well as short stories.
Chekhov was seriously ill. He had tuberculosis and knew what it meant. By 1892 his health was so bad that he was afraid to spend another winter in Moscow. He bought a small estate near a village Melikhovo, 50 miles from Moscow. He spent 5 years there, and those were happy years in spite of the illness. He wrote some of his best stories there, including Ward No.6, several well-known one-act comedies and two of his serious dramatic masterpieces, The Seagull and Uncle Vanya.