Топик: Вольво, система охлаждения
The drive of the fan is carried out by the crankshaft, which transmits its rotation with the help of the wedged-type belt.
The Thermometer.
The necessary thermal condition of the engine is provided by the thermometer. The thermometer has two intake connecting pipes, and the connecting pipe 1 is connected by the hose 1 to the final connecting pipe displaced on the cylinder head. The connecting pipe 13 is connected to the bottom of the radiator tank. The outlet connecting pipe 6 is connected by the transmitter 2 to the entrance of the pump.
The thermosensitive element of the thermometer consists of the glass 4, bossed in the basic valve 9 which is nestled by the spring 7 to the saddle 8. The rubber insert 5 is built-in the glass which can move along the piston 12 which is fixed in the holder 10 by the nut 11. The bypassing valve 2 is established in the holder 15 and is supported by the spring 3 resting in the bottom of the glass 4.
Between walls of the glass 4 and the rubber lining 5 there is a rigid filler 14. There are two versions of thermometer fillers which differ by the expansion factor. Thermometers with such fillers have different temperatures of the opening of the basic valve (80°С or 30°С). This temperature is specified on the bottom of the thermometer.
Feed system .
Arrangement.
The air filter - dry type, consists of the case 5, a cover 2 and filtering element.
The air filter has two intake connecting pipes; a connecting pipe 4 for grasping the air in the summer period and a connecting pipe 6 for grasping the air, warmed by exhaust pipe in the winter period.
To switch the feeding of the engine, a cover 2 should be turned until the color label on a cover has settled against the pointer 3. The cover fastens by means of three nuts and cranes 1.
Labels meaninigs: blue A - feeding by cold air ( in summer), red B – feeding by warmed air (in winter).
The dry filtering element consists of the cardboard "accordion" fixed between circular elastic rings and covers from a nonwoven synthetic material, which is used as an element of preliminary cleaning. The filtering element 8 is set in the air filter for cleaning the air and ventilation the crankcase of the engine. The air enters it from the air filter and moves downwards to the cylinder heads in the driving shaft.
The seven step path to better decisions.
Stop and think.
One of the most important steps to better decisions is the oldest advice in the world: think ahead. To do so it’s necessary to first stop the momentum of events long enough to permit calm analysis. This may require discipline, but it is a powerful tonic against poor choices.
The well-worn formula to count to 10 when angry and to a hundred when very angry is a simple technique designed to prevent foolish and impulsive behavior. But we are just as apt to make foolish decisions when we are under the strain of powerful desires or fatigue, when we are in a hurry or under pressure, and when we are ignorant of important facts.
Just as we teach our children to look both ways before they cross the street, we can and should instill the habit of looking ahead before they make any decision.
Stopping to think provides several benefits. It prevents rash decisions. It prepares us for more thoughtful discernment. And it can allow us to mobilize our discipline.
Clarify goals.
Before you choose, clarify your short- and long-term aims. Determine which of your many wants and don’t-wants affected by the decision are the most important. The big danger is that decisions that fulfill immediate wants and needs can prevent the achievement of our more important life goals.
Determine facts.
Be sure you have adequate information to support an intelligent choice. You can’t make good decisions if you don’t know the facts.
To determine the facts, first resolve what you know and, then, what you need to know. Be prepared to get additional information and to verify assumptions and other uncertain information.
Once we begin to be more careful about facts, we often find that there are different versions of them and disagreements about their meaning. In these situations part of making sound decisions involves making good judgments as to who and what to believe.
Here are some guidelines:
Consider the reliability and credibility of the people providing the facts.
Consider the basis of the supposed facts. If the person giving you the information says he or she personally heard or saw something, evaluate that person in terms of honesty, accuracy and memory.
Remember that assumptions, gossip and hearsay are not the same as facts.
Consider all perspectives, but be careful to consider whether the source of the information has values different than yours or has a personal interest that could affect perception of the facts.