Дипломная работа: Modal verbs

He might have been a … means ‘He might have been taken for a …’ ‘He looked as a …’

E.g. Roy Wilson, the new doctor, was twenty-eight, large, heavy, mature and blond. He might have been a Scandinavian sailor.

If I may say so … has become a stereotyped phrase in which the meaning of permission is considerably weakened.

E.g. If I may say so , I think you have treated him very badly.

In addition to the above cases illustrating the independent use of may , this modal verb occurs in subordinate object clauses after expressions of fear as well as in adverbial clauses of purpose and concession.

Here are some more examples from the works of the English and American literature:

E.g. Try as she might , her poor head just wouldn’t let her think what it was she should rightly remember.(O. Wilde)

You certainly won’t. You may freeze your nose, but you won’t be shivery cold. It’s hard and dry, you know. (F. Scott Fitzgerald)

We can compare May and Can

The use of can and may is parallel only in two meanings: possibility due to circumstances and permission. In these meanings, however, they are not always interchangeable for a number of various reasons.

1) Thus in the meaning of possibility due to circumstances the use of may is restricted only to affirmative sentences, whereas can is found in all kinds of sentences.

Can – He can find this book at the library. Can he find this book at the library? He cannot find this book at the library.

May – He may find this book at the library.

Their time reference is also different. May refers only to the present or future: the form might is used in past-time contexts only in reported speech. Can (could) may refer to the present, pastor future.

May – He may find the book at the library. I said that he might find the book at the library.

Can – He can find the book at the library. He could find the book at the library yesterday. He can find the book at the library tomorrow.

Both could and might combined with the Perfect infinitive indicate that the action was not carried out in the past.

E.g. He might have found the book at the library.

He could have found the book at the library.

It follows from the above that the sphere of application of can in this meaning is wider than that of may.

2) When may and can express permission the difference between them is rather that of style than of meaning – may is more formal than can which is characteristic of colloquial English.

E.g. May (might) I speak to you for a moment, professor?

Can (could) I have a cup of tea, mother?

May in negative sentences expressing prohibition is uncommon.

Must

The modal verb must has only one form it is used in present-time contexts with reference to the present of future and in combination with the Perfect infinitive it refers to the past. In past-time contexts this form is used only in reported speech, i.g. the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with must.