Дипломная работа: Studies lexical material of English
Phrasal verb errors
She used to go to school with her maid, and a maid was picking up her from school.
There are some days that the better it's stay in bed and don't get up you.
Idiom errors
I have no more money. So most of time I just watch shops' window.
I don't like to blow my own horn, but my grammar knowledge and my vocabulary are quite good.
In responding to these kinds of problems, there are two possible approaches.
You can either
- teach rules, or
- expose learners to lots of correct examples
A rule-based approach starts by isolating and highlighting any relevant patterns or regularities. Take word formation, for example. In a rule-based approach, words can be grouped and presented according to the manner of formation (affixation, compounding, conversion, etc). Within these categories finer distinctions can be made. So, of the words formed by affixation we can select those formed by the addition of prefixes, and this group can be narrowed down further to those that have a negative meaning. The way these words are formed can then be described in general terms in the form of a rule – or 'rule of thumb'. Here is an example of such an explicit rule statement (from Gude K and Duckworth M, Proficiency Masterclass, OUP):
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B Negative prefixes. The prefixes mis-, dis-, ig-, and un- can all be used to give a word a rather negative meaning. The prefix may help you to guess the meaning of the word. mis- = 'wrongly, badly' or 'not done' (mismanage) dis- = 'away from, the opposite of, lack of' (distaste) ig- = 'not, lacking in' (ignorant) un- = 'not, lack of, the opposite, reversal or removal of' (undo) Here is some advice to help you choose the correct prefix. dis- can be used to form verbs, eg dissatisfy, adjectives, eg dishonest; and nouns, eg disability. The prefix ig- appears only before the letter n. |
Here, on the other hand, is a table which suggests – but doesn't explicitly state – a rule about noun and verb endings:
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1 Now you can strengthen the thin green line. Strengthen is a verb which is formed from the adjective strong. Work in pairs and complete this table. |
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from Naunton J, Think First Certificate, Longman
A similar approach is used with word collocations, wherever a general tendency can be identified. Here, for example, is a coursebook extract that focuses on the difference between make and do combinations:
VOCABULARY
Make or do?
1 Read the following sentences carefully.
Last night I tried to do my homework. However, I kept making mistakes because the man upstairs was doing his exercises and making a noise.
Make usually means to create, bring into existence, or produce a result.