Дипломная работа: Syntagmatic and paradigmatic peculiarities of adverbs in English
The room upstairs is vacant [38].
Among circumstantial adverbs there is also a special group of pronominal adverbs when, where, how, why used either as interrogative words to form questions, or as connectives to introduce subordinate clauses:
Where shall we go?
We’ll go where you want. [16, 295]
In the former case, owing to their auxiliary function, they are called interrogative adverbs [16, 295]:
When did you see him last?
Where are you going?
How did you manage to do it? [16, 295]
In the latter case, also owing to their auxiliary function, they called conjunctive adverbs [16, 295]:
Sunday was the day when he was least busy.
The thing to find out is where he is now.
How it was done remains a mystery to me. [16, 295]
The adverb how, in addition to the above functions, may also be placed at the head of an exclamatory sentence. In this case it is often followed by an adjective or an adverb but it may also be used alone. This how is sometimes called the exclamatory how :
How unfair grown-ups are! [38]
Look how well I’m looked after! [38]
According to M. Y. Blokh, circumstantial adverbs are divided into notional and functional [13, 224].
The functional circumstantial adverbs are words of pronominal nature. Besides quantitative (numerical) adverbs mentioned above, they include adverbs of time, place, manner, cause, consequence. Many of these words are used as syntactic connectives and question-forming functionals. Here belong such words as now, here, when, where, so, thus, how, why, etc.
As for circumstantial adverbs of more self-dependent nature, they include two basic sets:
1) adverbs of time: today, tomorrow, already, ever, never, shortly, recently, seldom, early, late, etc.
2) adverbs of place: homeward, eastward, near, far, outside, ashore, etc.
The two varieties express a general idea of temporal and spatial orientation and essentially perform deictic (indicative) functions in the broader sense. Bearing this in mind, we may unite them under the general heading of "orientative" adverbs, reserving the term "circumstantial" to syntactic analysis of utterances [13, 225].
Thus, the whole class of adverbs will be divided, first, into nominal and pronominal, and the nominal adverbs will be subdivided into qualitative and orientative, the former including genuine qualitative adverbs and degree adverbs, the latter falling into temporal and local adverbs, with further possible subdivisions of more detailed specifications [13].
Table 3: Characteristic features of circumstantial adverbs
| 1. Lexico-grammatical meaning | Name certain circumstances attending the action as a whole |
| 2. Typical stem-building affixes | -ward(s) suffix, -ice suffix |
| 3. Morphological categories | Only certain circumstantial adverbs denoting indefinite time and place (soon, late, often, near, far) can form degrees of comparison |
| 4. Typical patterns of combinability | Modify verbs, sometimes nouns or words of nominal characters, occupy different places in the sentence |
| 5. Syntactic functions | Adverbial modifier of time, place, cause, purpose, condition; attribute |
Here is the list of adverbs which are used to indicate the circumstances in which an action takes place [16, 292]:
Accidentally
Privately
Alone
Publicly
Artificially
Regardless