Реферат: Injuries In Sports Essay Research Paper Relationship

research team of clinical neuropsychologists (clinicians with PhDs or

doctoral-level students) or team physicians or athletic trainers who

were thoroughly trained in the use of the measures. Each examiner

was required to attend a 2-hour workshop and was supervised during

test adminstration (by M.W.C.) to facilitate the appropriate

standardized administration of the test battery. All measures were

administered and scored in a standardized manner to minimize

differences between test administrators and institutions. Project

investigators trained in neuropsychological assessment completed all

data scoring and interpretation.

Baseline data collection at 3 universities (Michigan State University,

University of Pittsburgh, and University of Florida) was completed prior

to the 1997/98 and 1998/99 football seasons during the months of

May to August. Baseline data collection at the University of Utah

occurred during February 1999 for the 1999/2000 season (only

baseline data from the University of Utah were used for analyses).

Approximately 95% of all roster football players (scholarship and

scout team players) voluntarily participated in the project. At these

baseline sessions, demographic and player history information was

obtained via interview.

Each athlete was then administered a battery of neuropsychological

tests (approximately 30 minutes in length) that is used by the

National Football League.17, 20 Tests in the battery were the Hopkins

Verbal Learning Test (HVLT; verbal learning, delayed memory);

Trail-Making Tests, Forms A and B (Trails A and Trails B; visual

scanning and executive functioning); Digit Span Test (attention and

concentration); Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT; information

processing speed); Grooved Pegboard Test, dominant and

nondominant hand (bilateral fine motor speed); and the Controlled