Топик: Билеты по английскому для юристов

The Bar is a self-governing organization, which brings together the advocates.

It is independent of bodies of investigation, prosecutor's of­fices, the courts and bodies of authority and management.

Constitutional right to a defense is guaranteed to everyone in Rus­sia.

Our constitution states: "The defendant in a criminal action shall be guaranteed the right to legal aid. No one may be adjudged guilty of a crime and subjected to punishment as a criminal except by the sentence of a court in conformity with the law”.

After the accusation always follows a defense.

The role of a defense counsel in criminal proceedings is of spe­cial importance.

His duties are defined as follows: The defense counsel is obliged to make use of alt the ways and means of defense indicated in the law for the purpose of bringing to light the circumstances exonerating the accused or mitigating his responsibility, and to render all the neces­sary legal aid to the accused.

So the duty of the advocate is to help to exonerate the accused.

If an advocate is able to make a careful and skilful analysis of evi­dence he can refute the arguments of the prosecution and establish the innocence of the accused.

But the advocate is not obliged to prove the defendant's innocence.

Serious disputes often arise between the prosecution and the defense where all arguments and circumstances of the case are brought out in an effort to come to a just judgement.

The advocate also plays an especially important role in passing sentences.

In the court proce­dure the advocate helps to establish the truth.

He files petitions to exam­ine the evidence, calls new witnesses, introduces documents and certifi­cates, states and defends his opinion.

If he introduces arguments that mitigate the guilt of the defendant he helps the court pass the correct judgement.

If in advocate's opinion a sentence handed down by the court is heavy he has the right to appeal the sentence in a higher court.

A signifi­cant part of the advocate's time is spent in drawing up appeals.

He gets moral satisfaction when his appeal is redressed.

The advocate who is convinced of the innocence of his client must fight to the end for the truth.

THE URALS STATE LAW ACADEMY

1. The Law Academy is one of the biggest leading higher educational institutions in our country. Its foundation goes back to April 1931.

2. It was formed on the basis of the Irkutsk State University as a law faculty.

3. Later It was reorganized into the Siberian Institute of Soviet Law.

4. In 1934 the Institute moved into Sverdlovsk, got the name of the Sverdlovsk Institute of Law and bore this name till 1992.

5. Now it is called the Urals State Law Academy.

6. Till 1976 there was only one faculty at the Sverdlovsk Law Institute - the Law faculty.

7. In 1976 the following three faculties were set up at the full-time department: the Judge and Prosecutor Training Faculty, the Investigator and Criminalist Training Faculty and the Faculty of Legal Service in the National Economy System.