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Топик: Grammar

With the verb to make.

  • With verbs to say & to report( translation-неопределённо-личное предложение).

  • With the verbs to be likely, to be sure, to be certain.

  • With pairs of synonyms: to seem & to appear, to happen & to chance(случайно), to prove & to turn out(оказалось).

    The For-to-Infinitive Construction

    1. The Subject(often with the introductory it)

    2. Predicative

    3. Complex object.

    4. Attribute.

    5. Adverbial modifier

    a)of purpose

    b)of result

    PARTICIPLE I

    1.Attribute (Participle I Indefinite Active & Passive).

    1. If we have a participle used as an attribute to a noun (in pre-position), the noun performs the action expressed by the –ing form.(a touching story-a story that can touch, a laughing girl-a girl who is laughing).

    2. Participle I Perfect can be used only as an adverbial modifier & never as an attribute. To express priority an attribute clause is used: The student who has shown the countries of America on the map is going to his seat.

    3. Sometimes the Participle I Indefinite denotes an action referring to no particular time: Taiga is a thick forest stretching to the south of tundra.

    2.Predicative (Participle I Indefinite Active).

    To be astonishing, to be disappointing, to be exciting, to be humiliating (оскорбительно, унизительно), to be inviting (заманчивый), to be tempting (привлекательный), to be terrifying (ужасный), to be touching.

    3.Parenthesis.(Participle I Indefinite Active)

    Generally speaking, judging by appearance (words)(судя по внешнему виду), mildly speaking(спокойно), speaking frankly, strictly speaking, saying nothing of, roughly speaking.

    4.Adverbial modifier of clause(reason) (PI Indefinite Active,

    PI Indefinite Passive;


    PI Perfect Active, PI Perfect Passive).

    Not knowing the topic well, he got confused.


    Being impressed by the duel scene in ”Hamlet”, they were silent on the way home.

    Having lost the book, the students couldn’t prepare for the topic.

    Having been left alone, the child felt miserable & lonely

    5.Adverbial modifier of comparison.

    PI Indefinite Act

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