Топик: Grammar

The adverb never, the particle only.

By the conjunctions as if, as thought, than

Adverb never, the participle only

Parenthesis (вводные слова).

1. To cut a long story short, to put it in a nutshell (короче говоря).

2. To say the least (чтобы не сказать больше).

3. To tell you the truth – to speak the truth (по правде говоря).

4. To put it mildly (мягко говоря).

5. To say nothing of (не говоря уже)

6. To be frank (откравенно говоря).

A complex object.

Without the particle to:

1. after verbs of sense perception (to see, to hear, to watch, to observe, to notice, to feel)

2. After verbs of compulsion (принуждение) (то make, to have).

3. After the verb to let.

Without particle to:

1. After verbs denoting mental ability (интеллектуальные): to know, to think, to consider, to believe, to suppose, to expect, to find, to understand.

2. After the verbs denoting declaring: to pronounce, to declare, to report; wish & intention: to want, to wish, to desire, should like, to intend, to mean; after verbs denoting feeling & emotion: to like, to dislike, to love to hate, cannot bear.

3. After verbs denoting order & permission: to order, to allow.

Objective infinitive construction

1. After verbs denoting sense perception: to hear, to see, to watch, to observe, to notice, etc.

(only the Indefinite Infinitive Active is used. If the meaning is passive we use Participle II)

Note: to see=to understand: we don’t use the construction.

To hear=to lern, to be told: we use a clause of a gerund.

2.After verbs denoting mental activity: to know, to think, to consider, to believe, to suppose, to expect, to imagine, to find, to feel, to trust, etc. After them- to be( not after expect). Perfect Infinitive is seldom used.

3.After verbs of declaring: to pronounce, to declare, to report.

4. After verbs denoting wish & intention: to want, to wish, to desire, to mean, to intend, to choose.

5. After verbs denoting feeling & emotions: to like, to dislike, to love, to hate, cannot bear, etc.

6. After verbs denoting order & permission: to order, to allow, to suffer, to have, etc. !!! Only if the object is expressed by a noun or pronoun denoting a lifeless thing or when the infinitive is passive( not for to suffer & to have.

7. After verbs denoting compulsion: to to make(заставить), to cause(заставить, распорядиться), to get(добиться), to have(заставить, сказать, чтобы).

8. With the preposition for, on & upon(after to rely)

The Subjective Infinitive construction.

1. With verbs denoting sense perception: to see, to hear, etc.(If a process is expressed Participle I is used).