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Топик: Grammar

Condition(without, in case of): IGA-You can get tickets without booking them. IGP- You can’t see me without being invited.

  • Cause(for, for fear of, owing to, trough, because of): IGA-I decided to miss my classes for fear of making a fool of myself. IGP-Through being read to, he understood the topic. PGA-I felt better for having spent a good deal of my time abroad. PGP-He was in hospital for having been run by a car.

  • Concession(in spite of/despite): IGA-In spite of being busy, he did everything to help me. IGP-In spite of being looked through, the documents were not signed. PGA- In spite of having visited his parents, he missed them very much.

    G & Participle:

    G may be preceded by a preposition, may be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun, can be used as a subject, object, predicative. As an adv mod is always preceded by a preposition. If we have a gerund as part of a compound noun, the person denoted by the noun doesn’t perform the action expressed by ing-form: dancing hall-hall for dancing. If we have a participle used as an attribute the person denoted by the pronoun performs the action expressed by the ing-form: a dancing girl-girl who dances. 2 interpretations: hunting dog, sewing machine.

    G & VERBAL NOUN:

    • G has double character, verbal noun only nominal.

    • G can’t be used without article, verbal noun-can(I want you to give my hair a good brushing).

    • G has no plural form, vn-our likings are regulated by our circumstanses.

    • G of a transitive verb takes a direct object: He received a lot of letters & had given up in reading them.

    • VN can’t take a direct object, it takes a prepositional object with of: She was rallying her nerves to the reading of the paper.

    • G can be modified by an adverb(drinking, even temperately, was a sin. VN may be modified by an adjective:Hi took a good scolding aout clodding Sam.

    Subject

    1. It’s always easy to

    2. It’s hard to

    3. It’s important to

    4. It gives him pleasure to

    5. It’s dangerous to

    6. It’s wise of him to

    7. It does people a lot of good to

    8. It won’t do you any harm to

    9. It has become his habit to

    10. It surprised me to

    11. It made me feel awkward to

    12. It was natural to

    Part of a compound verbal modal predicate.


    Part of a compound verbal aspect (вид) predicate.

    1. Modal verbs: can, may, must, to be to, to have to, should, ought, will, would, shall, need.

    2. Modal expressions had better, would rather.

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