Топик: Grammar

NOMINAL & VERBAL NATURE:

1.Nominal:

-can perform the function of subject(swimming is delightful there), object(I like making people happy), predicative(my favorite sport is figure-skating.

-can be preceded by a preposition(I’m very fond of flying).

-can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun(Is any objection to my seeng her?)

2.Verbal:

-the gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object(I have made a progress in understanding his speech).

-can be modified by an adverb(she burst out crying bitterly)

-has tense distinctions, the gerund of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions.(indefinite-he can swim without tiring, & perfect-she denies having spoken with him, passive & active-he liked neithe reading aloud, neither being read aloud to)

PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS:

  1. Complex Subject - There is no use you telling me not to worry.

  2. Complex Predicative – My idea of holiday is going to the seaside.

  3. Complex Object – Perhaps you wouldn’t mind his coming in.

  4. Complex Attribute – I like the idea of Michael’s going with us.

  5. Complex Adverbial modifier – I went to the cinema in spite of her having told me her impressions.

All forms are used. The nominal Element may be expressed:

A living being:

  1. By a noun in the Possessive Case. (I like the idea of Michael’s going with us.

  2. By a Possessive pronoun. (The day passed without her resolving this problem).

  3. By a noun in the common case. When the doer of the action is emphasized. -He denied Mary having done this on purpose. When the nominal element consists of 2 or more nouns( I insist on Mary & Kate spending their free-time together.

  4. By a pronoun in the objective case. (Do you mind them going there?)

A lifeless thing:

  1. By a possessive pronoun (he insisted on its (the letter) being sent immediately.

  2. By a noun in the common case(Everything depends on the letters being sent in time).

  3. By pronouns all, this, that, both, each, something(I couldn’t deny both of them having had a nice holiday).

SUBJECT.

All forms are used.

IGA-It’s good your trying to find the right answer.

IGP-Their being late disappointed them.

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