Переведите текст, обращая внимание на мо дальные глаголы и конструкции. Scientific Communication For scientific research communication is essential. Science is to be characterized as “public knowledge” . In other words the aim ...

Переведите текст, обращая внимание на мо дальные глаголы и конструкции. Scientific Communication For scientific research communication is essential. Science is to be characterized as “public knowledge” . In other words the aim of the scientist is to create, criticize, or contribute to a rational consensus of ideas and information. If you accept this as a general notion, you will agree that the results of research become com pletely scientific only when they are published. Our present system of scientific communication depends al most entirely on the “primary literature” . This has three charac teristics: it is fragmentary, derivative, and edited. These charac teristics are quite essential. a)A regular journal carries from one research worker to an other the various discoveries, deductions, speculations and observations which are of common interest. Although the best and most famous scientific discoveries seem to open wholenew windows of the mind, a typical scientific paper has never pretended to be more than another little piece in a larger jig saw — not significant in itself but as an element in a grander scheme. Primary scientific papers are not meant to be final statements of indisputable truths: each is merely a tiny ten tative step forward through the jungles of ignorance. b)Scientific papers are derivative, and very largely unoriginal because they lean heavily on previous research. The evidence for this is plain to see, in the long list of citations that must always be published with every new contribution. It is very rare to find a reputable paper that contains no references to other research. Indeed, one relies on the citations to show its place in the whole scientific structure. c)The editing of the scientific literature is a more delicate mat ter. The author presents an entirely false picture of his ac tual procedure of discovery. All the false starts, the mis takes, the unnecessary complications, the difficulties and hesitations are hidden. All is made easy, simple and appar ently inevitable. Considering all this, external censorship of scientific papers is an essential element of our system of sci entific publication. We must be able to rely on the basic accu racy and honesty of what we read in other people’s papers, for we are always using their results in the construction of our own researches, and simply cannot find the time to re peat all their experiments, measurements, calculations or ar guments for ourselves. The communication problem would be ten times worse if there were no scrutiny by expert referees.