Дипломная работа: Syntagmatic and paradigmatic peculiarities of adverbs in English

He came eventually [40].

The telephone rang, and he answered it immediately [40].

She hasn’t finished her breakfast yet [38].

Ifany adverbs of time and frequency are found in positions other than those characteristic of them, it means that these adverbs are intended for special emphasis [21, 399]:

They usually are very punctual. (common)

Usually they are very punctual. (emphatic)

Adverbs of place and direction usually occur in Position 4:

I looked for it everywhere [38].

The young people were enjoying themselves outside [38].

Adverbs of manner commonly appear in Position 4, after the predicate verb:

He gave her the money reluctantly [41].

She looked at me suspiciously [41].

Some adverbs of manner may occasionally be found in Position 2:

She carefully picked up all the bits of broken glass [40].

They secretly decided to leave the town [40].

Occasionally adverbs of manner may be found in Position 1. In that case the adverb does not only modify the predicative verb, but also the subject:

Angrily he denied that he had stolen the documents [41]. (= he was angry when he denied that he had stolen the documents)

Adverbs of degree (or intensifiers) are usually placed in Position 3, before the word they modify:

It’s absolutely the best museum in the country [38].

I definitely saw him crossing the street [38].

The adverb enough , when it modifies an adjective or an adverb, is placed in post-position to them:

You can go to school when you're old enough [40].

He didn’t work quickly enough [40].

However, adverbs of degree (intensifiers), if they modify verbs, may also be found in Position 4, at the end of the sentence:

The only way Glass could overcome this irreconcilable difference was by doing away with the bar lines completely [ 41] .

But if the plea can be supported by a finding of guilt alone, a defendant might escape punishment altogether [40].

When occupying the initial position in the sentence, altogether is used parenthetically as a conjunctive adverb (= on the whole):

Latin America is a world where primitive ways of life exist near ultra-modern cities. Altogether , it is a continent full of vitality [40].

Chapter 2. Paradigmatics of adverbs

2.1 Semantic classification of adverbs

The adverb in English undergoes two paradigmatically relevant classifications: