Дипломная работа: Syntagmatic and paradigmatic peculiarities of adverbs in English

2) lexico-grammatical.

Semantic classification is based on the meaning of adverbs. According to their meaning, adverbs fall into the following groups [18, 393]:

1. Adverbs of time: afterwards, already, at once, eventually,
immediately, lately, now, presently, soon, suddenly, then, when, yesterday, yet, etc.:

Our class is going to Londontomorrow [36, 55].

It’s been two weeks now since she called home [38].

2. Adverbs of frequency: always, constantly, hardly ever, never, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, three times, twice, etc.:

There is always somebody at home in the evenings [40].

They sometimes stay up all night [40].

3. Adverbs of place or direction: abroad, ashore, backwards, below, downstairs, everywhere, far, here, inside, outside, seaward(s), there, to and fro, where, etc.:

We’llhave to eat here – everywhere else is full [36, 54].

He was famous, both at home and abroad [38].

A dog began to bark somewhere inside [38].

I was now far behind the others and I knew I couldn’t catch up [40].

The use of somewhere, anywhere and nowhere indifferent kinds of sentences is similar to the use of the corresponding indefinite pronouns some, any and no.

4. Adverbs of manner: badly, clearly, deeply, fast, how, quickly, sideways, sincerely, somehow, well, willingly, etc.:

His campaign was not going well [41].

The economic crisis reflects badly on the government’s policies [41].

We are sincerely grateful for your help [40].

Adverbs of manner saying how an action is performed can freely occur with dynamic verbs, but not with stative verbs:

He looked into the problem carefully [38].

He walked upstairs quietly [38].

The boy blushed violently [36, 52].

5. Adverbs of degree or intensifiers can be used before adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs to give information about the extent or level of something: completely, enough, extremely, highly, muck, nearly, perfectly, pretty, quite, rather, really, so, somewhat, terribly, too, unusually, very, etc.:

Sometimes the UK seems completely isolated from the main stream of European culture [40].

The ambassador made a brief statement, saying that the talks had been very productive [38].

Myerssaid that two year prison sentence for rape was totally unacceptable and inadequate [38].

Adverbs of degree or intensifiers may be subdivided into three semantic groups:

1) emphasizers (emphasizing the truth of the communication): actually, at all, clearly, definitely, indeed, just, literally, plainly, really, simply, etc.:

What do you really think about it [41]?