Реферат: Sports Violence Essay Research Paper AbstractThis report

Vicarious reinforcement may be derived from seeing professional players lionized

and paid huge salaries, in spite of, or because of, their aggressive style of

play (Leonard, p. 171). Players who don’t display the desired degree of

aggressiveness may receive negative reinforcement through criticism from parents

and coaches, lack of playing time, harassment by teammates, opponents, or

spectators.

These theories provide a basis for interventions that may curb excessive

aggression, especially among young athletes. Terry and Jackson (p. 35), suggest

that socialization forces, particularly reinforcement, offer the best focus for

intervention. In addition, psychological forces can be addressed by modifying or

controlling situations that produce frustration.

What is the impact of children participating in sport?

Ideally children’s participation in team sports should be fun, contribute to

their physical development and well being, help to develop social skills, and

promote a desire for continued involvement with physical activity. The objective

of physical

education in schools should be to encourage development of appropriate

exercise habits, with emphasis on the recreational aspects of physical

activities (Roskosz, p. 7).

Unfortunately, compelling evidence suggests that, for many children, the

pressures associated with sports produce low self-esteem, excessive anxiety, and

aggressive behavior. Children may eventually experience "sports

burnout" and develop a lifelong avoidance of physical activity (Hellstedt,

p. 60, 62).

In Hellstedt’s opinion (p. 62), these negative outcomes of sports involvement

are caused by adults, particularly parents and coaches. Lip service is paid to

sportsmanship and having fun, but rewards are reserved for winning. Often,

encouragement to pursue victory is accompanied by direct and indirect signals

that aggressive behavior is acceptable to achieve it. Hellstedt also suggests