Топик: Билеты по английскому для юристов
The Civil Division hears appeals from the High Court as well as from county courts and a few more specialized courts.
The Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal is competent to deal with appeals against decisions of the first instance made by the Crown Court.
Criminal appeals are usually heard by three judges.
The Lord Chief Justice frequently presides in the Criminal Division.
In the Civil Division senior Lord Justice ( or the Master of the Rolls) normally presides over the other two Lords Justices.
The decisions are based on documents supplemented by the arguments of barristers.
Appeals against decisions of the Court of Appeal can be lodged with the House of Lords.
The House of Lords, in addition to being a part of the legislature, is the highest court in the land.
The judges of the House of Lords are Lords of Appeal in Ordinary.
They are ten in number.
The president of the House of Lords as a court is the Lord Chancellor.
So, he is the highest judge in the kingdom.
The other Law Lords are judges from English courts or from Scottish or Northern Irish judiciary.
Five Lords of Appeal in Ordinary normally deal with any particular case.
They sit in a small room in Westminster Palace. The Lords express their opinion on the case and vote at hand.
A person accused of an offence is sure of a fair and open trial, and enjoys good protection against the possibility of an unfair decision.
Justice, both civil and criminal, operates with reasonable speed, and the excellent system of free legal aid and advice to people with low income is of great benefit.
Magistrates' Courts
Magistrates' Courts are the people's courts, formerly known as police courts, the lowest tier in the criminal justice system.
There are around 28,000 lay magistrates sitting in the 700 or so courts in England and Wales (the system is different in Scotland and Northern Ireland). They deal with more than two million cases a year, and perform a variety of other functions as well.
Their main job is to deliver 'summary justice' to people charged with less serious crimes (grave offences are dealt with at the Crown Court).
8 Crown Courts
Crown Courts have existed only since 1972.
When there is a jury, the judge's role is limited to deciding matters of law and summing-up to the jury. The jury decides whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty.
There are 94 Crown Court centres in England and Wales, many of them consisting of several courtrooms.
The most famous Crown Court in England, and perhaps, the most famous court in the world, is the Old Bailey. Officially the Central Criminal Court, it stands on the site of Newgate prison, and was completed in 1907.
The Crown Court acts also as the appeal court against both convictions and sentences by magistrates. When the appeal is against conviction, the Crown Court judge re-hears all the evidence that witnesses have already given in the lower court, but there is no jury. For all appeals the judge sits with two, three or four lay magistrates.
County Courts
Just as the Magistrates' Courts deal with the vast majority of criminal. cases, county courts take on most of the smaller civil cases. In general, they deal with breach of contract or tort cases involving up to 5,000 pounds. They also have jurisdiction over most matrimonial matters. They can grant divorces and make a range of orders relating to money, property and children. There are county courts all over England and Wales, around 270 altogether. The judges have the rank of circuit judge, the same level as those who sit in the Crown Court.