Топик: Билеты по английскому для юристов
JPs receive no payment for their work.
In the courts the JPs are advised on points of law by their clerks, who are professional lawyers; otherwise they decide each case according to their sense what is fair and reasonable.
Crown Courts. When a criminal case is not dealt with finally in a Magistrates' Court, it goes for trial in a Crown Court.
The court is presided over by a judge, but the decision on guilt or innocence is made by a jury of twelve citizens.
The judge's functions are, first, to see that the trial is properly conducted; second, to give guidance to the jury before asking it for its verdict and finally, if the jury finds the accused guilty, to decide upon the penalty and pronounce a sentence.
For this last decision the judge is helped by two JPs who have been sitting beside him throughout the proceedings.
Judges are either practicing or former barristers who all are qualified, professional and experienced lawyers and are paid for their work.
Twelve local citizens serve as members of the jury.
A person accused cannot be found to be guilty except by the verdict of at least ten of the twelve members of the jury.
Normally the jury do agree, though sometimes only after some hours of discussion.
If the jury finds the accused guilty, then it is for the judge to pronounce a sentence.
The accused may appeal to the Court of Appeal against conviction or sentence.
The Court of Appeal does not hear witnesses other than in exceptional circumstances.
The Crown Courts act also as the appeal courts against both conviction and sentences by magistrates.
When the appeal is against conviction, a judge re-hears all the evidence that witnesses have already given in the lower court, but there is no jury.
Тема 4.
GB – geography.
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Great Britain is situated on the British Isles.
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They lie to the west of the continent of Europe.
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The larger of the two big islands is known as Great Britain.
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The smaller island is Ireland, with Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic.
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The island of Great Britain together with the neighboring minor islands and the northeastern part of Ireland constitute the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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The country is usually called Great Britain (or England).
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The total area of Great Britain is 244,000 square kilometres.
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The west coast of the country is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea, the east coast is washed by the North Sea.
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Great Britain is separated from France by the English Channel which is 32 km. wide in its narrowest part, and 180 km.
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In its widest part.
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The seas surrounding Great Britain are not very deep.
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The surface of England and Ireland is flat, but the surface of Scotland and Wales is mountainous.