Дипломная работа: English Predicate and its Translation Properties into Uzbek

A number of complicating elements deny (tofeign, topretend, tofail) or affirm (tomanage, tocontrive) the reality of the action, denoted by the infinitive that follows such verb: 'Andrewaffectedtoreadtheslip.' (A. J. Cronin) 'She managed to conceal her distress from Felicity.' (I. Murdoch)

7. The implementation of the action

Such verbs as to try, to attempt, to endeavour, and so on ('Неtried to formulate.' (W. Golding) 'Ihave sought, primarily, indeed to emphasise how much is involved in 'knowing' a language, [...]' (R. Quirk), have that general component of meaning, which can be marked as “the possibility of implementation of the action”. The reality of actions that they introduce can be positive and negative: Itriedtoformulatecan be equally applied to both the situation Iformulatedand to the situation Ididnotformulate. Here is the difference from the complicating elements, considered in (6) where each element allows only monosemantic interpretation and accordingly the transformation of the sentence: ‘I pretendedtofallover.' (W. Golding) → Idid not fall over, 'She managed to conceal her distress from Felicity.' (I. Murdoch) → She concealed her distress from Felicity.

8. Positional characteristics of the action.

Original type of complication is adding the verbs, denoting state or movement of the subject in the space to the predicate group (tosit, tostand, tolie, togo). The main element has the form of participle. For example:

'Timstoodfumblingforhiskeys.' (I. Murdoch) 'Adèlecamerunningupagain.' (C. Brontë) The first complicating element is weakened in its lexical meaning. Its well-known desemantization is especially vivid in the cases of displacement of the verbs in the group of predicate, which are normally incompatible. 'Oh-h! Just imagine being able to go walking and swiттing again.' (D. Cusack)

Complicated predicate of the considered type has a homonym in the structure of the language as the combination of the verb- predicate with the participle of present tense in the function of modifier of manner. The difference of the constructions is signaled by super-segment means, and especially by the type of joint between infinite form of the verb and participle, comp.: 'Shestoodtouchingherfaceanxiously.' (D. Lessing) and 'Mastood, lookingupanddown.' (K. Mansfield)

Another distinctive moment is incapability of the complicating element (due to weakening its lexical semantics) to be modified by adverbials. At the same time the presence of modifying words is normal for meaningful independent verb. Comp.: ‘I sat looking at the carpet.’ (I. Murdoch) иShe sat for some time in her bedroom, thinking hard. (I. Murdoch)

One can suppose that for the bearer of the language the second component in complex predicate is semantically central, i.e. in the sentence Неstoodfumblingforhiskeysthe main information is — Hefumbledforhiskeys, not Неstood.

Within the limits of single predicate the combination of several complicating elements is possible. Such kind of complication can be called as consistent one:

I shall have to begin to practice’ (K. Mansfield)

In away I had been hatched there, feathered there, and wanted dearly tо

gоon growing there.' (A. E. Coppard)

Ican't begin to accept that as a basis for a decision.' (C. P. Snow)

Detail study of combinatory of consistent active-verbal complication will allow to set undoubtedly existing structural regularity in this field. They are revealed particularly in a number of limitations of the combinability of complicating elements. Thus, due to the absence of infinite forms of modal verbs, they cannot be placed after any of the complicating element, they can only begin the line. In non-initial position the appropriate meanings can be transformed with the equivalents of the modal verbs: 'Weтighthavеtowait/ Isaid. (C. P. Snow) In other cases combinability is less real according to semantic motives for example: affecttochanceor *begintohappen (happenкакas a complicating element with the meaning of expectancy of the action). In forecasting semantically impossible constructions it is important to have maximal caution, taking into account the intuition of the bearer of the language, because regularity of the combinability of meanings in most cases ideo-ethnical; compare such constructions, as 'AtthatmomentIсоиldn'tseemtorememberthestory, [...]' (T. Capote) 'Poor Tom used to have to prescribe for my father.' (C. P. Snow) and so on. The number of complicating elements in consistent complication is usually limited to two. On the whole consistent complication has not been thoroughly studied yet.

Passive- verbal complication gives as a result the predicate of the structure V_pass en {toV | ingV}, where V_pass — the verb of passive –verbal complication, for example: Shewassupposedtowriteapaperonthesubject. Thebellwasheardtoring/ringing. The most important foundation for the interpretation of distinguished constructions as a single member of the sentence and mainly of the complex predicate is their structural and semantic correlation with the predicate of the active-verbal complication (comp.: No component of the theory is allowed to remain — No component of the theory may remain; Mr. Quiason is expected to arrive today — Mr. Qutason must/ may arrive today and so on), whose predicative status has never been disputed by anybody. As in the case of the predicate of active-verbal complication, infinite form of the predicates of passive-verbal complication denotes the action, done by the subject. Finite form grammatically carries out the function of expression of predicativity, and semantically it introduces modifying moment in the character of the connection between the action and its bearer. Most of passive- complicating elements of the predicate (issaid/ supposed/expectedand so on) can be characterized as the bearers of the meaning of weak modality, if to classify modality of modal verbs (comp. may, mustand so on) as strong one.

One can establish four main structural- semantic groups of passive –verbal complicators:

а) verbs denoting the processes of mental activity (to be supposed /believed/known and so on)

They are intended to be the day schools equivalent of the residential houses at boarding schools. (R. Pedley);

б) verbs, denoting communicative process (to be reported/said and so on) 'Repentence is said to be its cure, sir.' (C. Bronte);

в) verbs, denoting the processes of physical perception (to be heard/seen and so on): Distantly from the school the two fifteen bell was heard ringing. (I. Murdoch);

г) «provocative» verbs, i.e. verbs, denoting such actions, which have the action of the subject of the sentence as a consequence (to be forced / made / pressed and so on):

In order to explain these data, we have been forced to develop a number of theoretical concepts and new field procedures. (K. L. Pike)

Adjectives can also be complicating element with the combination of the verb to be or its equivalents. Such kind of complications is called adjective one.

There can be distinguished a number of varieties among the constructions of adjective- complication, which are different from each other by structural peculiarities and semantically:

1) predicate with complicating element, transforming modal evaluation of possibility or authenticity of the connection of the subject and the action. As an adjective element here is used such adjectives as sure, certain, likelyand so on: 'Everythingissuretobethere.' (E. M. Forster) Later they thought he was certain to die. (P. Abrahams) Т. Н.Huxley's invention, 'agnostic', is likely to be more e n d иri n g. (J. Moore)

he sentences with the predicate with the complicating element of the given type is characterized by the possibility of application of transformation of nominalization to them N be A to V → N_v be A (He was certain to come → His coming was certain), and also transformation N be A to V → It be A that N V (He was certain to come → It was certain that he would come).

2) The predicates with the complicating elements, denoting physical, psychological or other characteristics of the subject, which is put in the relation with the action, designated by the infinitive.

The circle of lexical units, used as a complicating element here is wider than that in the previous group. The difference in their semantics, correlating with the definite structural differences, can serve as a base for further articulation of the material: