Реферат: Билеты для сдачи кандидатского минимума по английскому языку аспирантам специальностей правовед, бухгалтер, экономист, философ
" New Informational and Communication Technologies. Review and Perspectives".
This high-level International Conference will take place in London, 8-9 November 1999. It will host participants from competition authorities representing foreign and international organizations, governmental, academic and business circles.
The working languages of the Conference are English and French.
We would highly appreciate your participation in this event.
For further details please contact Ms Johnston (tel.: 456 899 01)
William Brandt, Minister
Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis
аспирантура (канд. экз.)
Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине
английский язык
(специальность: международное право; европейское право)
билет №4
Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes
Law and the Rule of Law
Lauterpacht located the International Court at the centre of the international legal order, arguing that the Court's original and primary purpose was to decide disputes between States and, by fostering the rule of law among them, to contribute to international peace. That purpose has not wholly materialized owing to the political conditions prevailing after the Second World War and to the reluctance of Governments to confer upon the Court the requisite jurisdiction. These conditions are not necessarily of a permanent character ... It is that purpose which, notwithstanding temporary setbacks, must remain the abiding purpose of the judicial organization of the community of nations under the rule of law.
Within this structure, legal officials, such as judges, play an indispensable role in securing the Rule of Law as when they apply the necessary abstract rule of law to the concrete case, they create the legal rule for the individual case before them.
The object of law to secure order must be defeated if a controversial rule of conduct may remain permanently a matter of dispute ... it is essential for the rule of law that there should exist agencies bearing evidence, and giving effect, to the imperative nature of the law. The law's external nature may express itself either in the fact that it is a precept created independently of the will of the subjects of the law, or that it is valid and continues to exist in respect of the subjects of the law independently of their will.
The importance of the judicial function permeates Lauterpacht's concept of law. This is expressed in his argument for obligatory jurisdiction that is itself a consequence of the emphasis which Lauterpacht gives to the gradual concretization of law. Apart from the search for a basic norm, this is the most prominent aspect of Lauterpacht's concept of law which is primarily associated with Kelsen. Norms are relatively indeterminate as they cannot specify all the conditions for their application.
The actual operation of the law in society is a process of gradual crystallization of the abstract legal rule, beginning with the constitution of the State, as the most fundamental and abstract body of rules, and ending with the concrete shaping of the individual legal relation by a judgement of a court, or by an adjudication or decision of an administrative authority, or by an agreement of the interested parlies.
lain J. M. Scobbie. The Theorist as Judge. European Journal of International Law. Vol. 8 No 2, 1997.
Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes
INTERNATIONAL & PUBLIC RELATIONS DEPT.
Athens, 29 December 1999
Mr. Alexey PROKOFIEV
Vice Minister
Subject: EOMMEX's data base
Dear Sir,
The Hellenic Organization of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises and Handicraft (EOMMEX) is the Public Body supporting the SME's in Greece supervised by the Ministry of Development.
EOMMEX, is trying to enrich it's data base with all the existing nformation, in order to help the Greek SME's develop transnational co-operations.
Therefore, we would very much appreciate if you would send us all the available information concerning the following topics :