Реферат: Билеты для сдачи кандидатского минимума по английскому языку аспирантам специальностей правовед, бухгалтер, экономист, философ
2. The incentives that could attract foreign investments (e.g. current tax system e.t.c.).
We would like to thank you in advance for your kind co-operation.
Sincerely yours,
Kl. Stavrakakis Director
Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis
аспирантура (канд. экз.)
Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине
английский язык
(специальность: международное право; европейское право)
билет №5
Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes
THE SCOPE OF COMMUNITY LAW
If the goals of the original EEC Treaty were, as its name implied, primarily economic, they were so in the widest sense. The treaty was from the beginning much more than a free trade agreement. The Community's activities, outlined in Article 3 EEC, were to include the elimination of all internal barriers to the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital (the common or single 'internal market', see now Article 7a EC); the approximation of the laws of member states to the extent required for the proper functioning of the common market (Article 100 EEC); the harmonisation of indirect taxation (Articles 95-99); the establishment of common policies in the spheres of agriculture and transport and the creation of a Community competition policy. States were to co-ordinate their economic policies 'in order that disequilibria in their balances of payments might be remedied'. In the field of external affairs the Community was to establish a common customs tariff and a common commercial policy towards countries outside the EEC ('third countries') and to 'associate with overseas countries in order to increase trade and to promote jointly economic and social development'. The Community thus had extensive internal and external competence in economic matters.
But even at the outset the goals of the EEC were not purely economic. The preamble of the EEC Treaty expressed the resolve of member states 'to ensure the economic and social progress of their countries'; their essential objective being the 'constant improvement of the living and working conditions of their peoples'. Articles 117-128 provided for action in the field of social policy, requiring states to promote improved working conditions and improved living standards for workers. Article 119 provided a principle of equal pay for equal work for men and women, the purpose of which, according to the European Court, was both economic, to remove the competitive advantage of a (normally) cheaper workforce in states which failed to provide for equal pay.
If the sphere of Community competence was large even at the Community's inception, it has been greatly extended since then, either by action by the EC institutions under Article 235, which allows the institutions to 'take the appropriate measures' if action by the Community 'should prove necessary to attain ... one of the objectives of the Community and this Treaty has not provided the necessary powers', or by amendments to the EEC Treaty provided by subsequent treaties, the Single European Act (1986) and the Treaty on European Union (the Maastricht Treaty (1992)).
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EC European Community
EEC European Economic Community
Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes
Dear Mr. Minister:
It was a pleasure to meet you during our recent visit to Moscow. I was encouraged with the discussion and look forward to moving ahead to assist small- and medium-sized businesses in Russia.
Mr. Paul Tumminia, Ex-Im Bank Director-Russia and NIS, will be in contact with you as to our future plans on this matter.
Please do let us know if you are planning to be in the U.S.
Sincerely.
Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis
аспирантура (канд. экз.)
Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине
английский язык
(специальность: международное право; европейское право)
билет №6
Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes
In relation to the EU's tender regulations, the Court has established that when a parent company submits a tender for a public contract and must document expertise and experience in the relevant area (eg building and construction work), the parent company may also include the expertise possessed by one or more of its subsidiaries rather than by the parent company itself, provided that it is proved that the parent company 'actually has available the resources of those companies which are necessary for carrying out the works'.