Реферат: Child Development Essay Research Paper Physical development

increasingly aware of, and concerned with, how others

evaluate their behavior, gradually, they begin to

spontaneously appraise their behavior with the same

standards as adults do. The typical three year-old believes

that he or she can win any race, skip perfectly, and count

accurately, and make up beautiful songs. In many situations,

for example, young children will respond with disappointment

or shame when they fail at a task, such as tying there

shoes, when they cause some mishap, such as spilling a cup

of juice, even when no adult is present. Preschoolers

eagerly take on new tasks and play activities and feel

guilty when their efforts result in failure or criticism.

Their readiness to take the initiative reflects

preschooler’s desire to accomplish things, not simply to

assert their autonomy as they did as toddlers. Thus, in a

nursery school classroom, the older preschoolers take the

initiative to build impressive block towers, whereas the

three year-olds are more likely to be interested in knocking

them down. The enthusiasm of older children to learn and

master many things derives, in part, from their growing

sense of membership in the larger culture and a desire to

acquire the skills of a citizen and worker as well as a

family member.

Peer relationships are another important relational

influence during the play years. In addition to providing an

arena for developing their social skills, peer relationships

help preschoolers learn about friendship. Playing with other

children requires preschoolers to take responsibility for

maintaining social interaction through sharing and