Дипломная работа: Syntax and semantics of verbals in English

I looked long at that picture, and could not choose but look. (Ch. Bronte)

Я долго смотрела на эту картину и не могла не смотреть на нее.

‘Had better’, ‘would rather’, ‘to do nothing but’ belong to colloquial English, whereas cannot but and cannot choose but are characteristic of elevated style.

9. In sentences of a special type (infinitive sentences) beginning with why.

Why not come and talk to her yourself? (Reade)

Почему бы нам самой не прийти поговорить с ней?

The particle to is often used without the infinitive if it is easily understood from the context.

He and his three men could not defend Rollingen even if they wanted to. (Heym)

Он и трое его солдат не могли бы оборонять Роллинген, даже если бы захотели.

The particle ‘to’ may be separated from the infinitive by an adverb; this is the so-called split infinitive. It is hardly ever used in colloquial English.

He was unable, however, to long keep silence. (Galsworthy)

Он был, однако, не в состоянии долго молчать.

2.1.3 General Characteristics of Participles

The participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has a verbal and an adjectival or an adverbial character.[11]

There are two participles in English — Participle I and Participle II, traditionally called the Present Participle and the Past Participle.

These traditional terms are open to objection on the ground that Participle I does not necessarily refer to the present, just as Participle II need not refer to the past. The difference between them is not a difference in tense, but chiefly a difference in voice.

Participle I is formed by adding the suffix -ing[12] to the stem of the verb; the following spelling rules should be observed:

(a) If a verb ends in a mute e, the mute e is dropped beforeadding the suffix -ing: to give — giving, to close — closing.

(b) If a verb ends in a consonant preceded by a vowel renderinga short stressed sound, the final consonant is doubled before addingthe suffix -ing: to run — running, to forget — forgetting, to admit—admitting.

A final l is doubled if it is preceded by a vowel letter rendering a short vowel sound, stressed or unstressed: to expel—expelling, to travel — travelling.

(c) The verbs to die, to lie and to tie form Participle I in the following way: dying, lying, tying.

A final у is not changed before adding the suffix -ing: to comply — complying, to deny — denying.

The formation of Participle II.

According to the way in which the Past Indefinite and Participle II are formed, verbs are divided into three groups: regular verbs, irregular verbs, and mixed verbs.

1. Regular verbs. They form the Past Indefinite and Participle II by adding -ed to the stem of the verb, or only -d if the stem of the verb ends in -e.[13]

to want —wanted

The pronunciation of -ed (-d) depends on the sound preceding it. It is pronounced:

[ıd] after t, d:

wanted [wɔntıd], landed [lændıd]

[d] after voiced consonants except d and after vowels: