Дипломная работа: Syntax and semantics of verbals in English
to have — had — had
to make — made — made
to do —did —done
(h) defective (anomalous) verbs.
can — could
must
ought
may — might
will — would
shall — should
3. Mixed verbs, their Past Indefinite is of the regular type, and their Participle It is of the irregular type:
to show — showed — shown
As has already been stated, the participle has a verbal and an adjectival or adverbial character. Its adjectival or adverbial character is manifested in its syntactic functions, those of attribute or adverbial modifier. (Some participles have lost their verbality altogether and have become adjectives: interesting, charming, alarming, etc., complicated, distinguished, furnished, etc.
E.g. an interesting book, a charming girl, the alarming news; a complicated problem, a distinguished writer, a furnished apartment.)
I hated the hollow sound of the rain pattering on the roof. (DuMarnier) (attribute)
Мне был отвратителен глухой шум дождя, стучавшего по крыше.
And then she turned to the title-page, and looked at the name written in the schoolboy hand. (Ch. Bronte) (attribute)
Затем она открыла книгу па титульном листе и посмотрела на имя, написанное ученическим почерком.
The verbal characteristics of the participle are as follows:
1. Participle I of a transitive verb can take a direct object.
Opening the door, he went out on to the terrace. (Galsworthy)
2. Participle I and Participle II can be modified by an adverb.
Leaving the room hurriedly, he ran out. (Thackeray)
Deeply affected, Priam Farll rose and left the room. (Bennett)
3. Participle I has tense distinctions; Participle I of transitiveverbs has also voice distinctions. In Modern English Participle Ihas the following forms:
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | writing | being written |
| Perfect | having written | having been written |
The tense distinctions of the participle.
Like the tense distinctions of all the verbals, those of the participle are not absolute but relative.
Participle I Indefinite Active and Passive usually denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb; depending on the tense-form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or future.
When reading The Pickwick Papers, one can't help laughing.