Дипломная работа: Syntax and semantics of verbals in English
It is no good hiding our heads under our wings. (Galsworthy)
Бесполезно прятать голову под крыло.
(c) by “деепричастие”.
And without waiting for her answer he turned and left us. (DuMaurier)
И, не дожидаясь ее ответа, он повернулся и вышел.
On seeing Bella he stopped, beckoned her to him, and drew her arm through his. (Dickens)
Увидев Беллу, он остановился, подозвал ее к себе и взял под руку.
(d) by a subordinate clause.
He regretted now having come. (Galsworthy)
Теперь он сожалел, что пришел.
It should be observed that though the active forms of the gerund may be rendered in different ways, the passive forms are nearly always rendered by a clause.
As she contemplated the wide windows and imposing signs, she became conscious of being gazed upon. (Dreiser)
Когда она рассматривала широкие витрины и внушительные вывески, она почувствовала, что на нее смотрят.
After having been informed of the conference in my lady's room he immediately decided on waiting to hear the news from Frizinghall. (Collins)
После того как ему сообщили о совещании в комнате миледи, он сразу решил подождать, чтобы узнать новости из Фризингхолла.
The tense distinctions of the gerund.
The tense distinctions of the gerund; like those of the participle, are not absolute but relative.
1. The Indefinite Gerund Active and Passive denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb; depending on the tense form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or future.
He can swim for any number of hours without tiring. (Hichens)
Он может плыть много часов подряд, не уставая.
She walked on without turning her head. (Hardy)
Она шла, не поворачивая головы.
2. The Perfect Gerund denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb.
She denies having spoken with him.
Она отрицает, что говорила с ним.
He was ashamed of having shown even the slightest irritation. (Bennett)
Ему было стыдно, что он проявил раздражение, хотя и очень слабое.
However, a prior action is not always expressed by a Perfect Gerund; in some cases we find an Indefinite Gerund. This occurs after the verbs to remember, to excuse, to forgive, to thank and after the prepositions on (upon), after, and, without.
I don't remember hearing the legend before. (Hardy)