Реферат: Билеты для сдачи кандидатского минимума по английскому языку аспирантам специальностей правовед, бухгалтер, экономист, философ
Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis
аспирантура (канд. экз.)
Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине
английский язык
(специальность: гражданское право; предпринимательское право;
семейное право; мчп)
билет №6
Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes
The Economic Role and Definition of SME's
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises ("SME") play an important role in the Canadian economy, 'providing significant employment, innovation, variety and competition in many different sectors. This role is recognized in section 1.1 of the Competition Act ("Act"), which states that the general aim of the Act is to maintain and encourage competition in Canada in order to ensure, among other things, that small and medium-sized enterprises have an equitable opportunity to participate in the Canadian economy. Although this is a stated goal of Canadian competition law, there are no specific exclusions or special rules applicable to such enterprises. However, because of their relatively small size, SME's may fall below the anticompetitive thresholds necessary to trigger the application of many of the provisions of the Act including the general prohibition against conspiracies in section 45. A further consideration is whether enforcement action against a particular agreement between SME's is justified according to the Competition Bureau's enforcement priorities and case screening criteria.
For the purposes of competition analysis generally, it is not useful to define what is or is not an SME on the sole basis of absolute size criteria (such as annual revenue, personnel or output) below which a firm might be considered an SME. Instead, competition analysis is concerned with the ability of a firm or group of firms to act independently of the rest of the competitors in a particular market. This type of comparative analysis of the relative market power of firms in a particular market make absolute criteria a poor benchmark for determining whether a firm is an SME in a particular market. For instance, a firm that might be considered to be large in terms of revenue, personnel and output in a particular industry and market might be considered to be an SME in comparison to the much larger firms that exist in a different market. Definition of the relevant product and geographic markets is key since the larger the relevant market, i.e. the greater the number of firms producing substitutable products and geographic area in the market, the less likely that a firm will have the market power necessary to cause substantial anticompetitive effects. Markets are typically defined in terms of the smallest group of products and geographic area in which participants could impose a significant and non-transitory price increase (generally a price, increase of five per cent is considered significant and a one year period to be non-transitory). In assessing the relevant markets in conspiracy cases, it is important to note that the parties to the alleged agreement may have already exercised market power and thus any observed willingness by customers to switch or new competitors to enter may overstate their competitive significance.
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SME Small and Medium Enterprises
Series Roundtables on Competition Policy. OECD, Paris, 1997
Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes
Dear Mrs. Fonaryova:
The 37th World Advertising Congress, "London 2000", will be held in London from 6 June through 9 June. This biennial Congress, is very the traditional gathering place of top professionals.
We believe that your participation in this event of world importance will be important.
Considering your great contribution to the development of the Russian advertising business, we are confident that your contacts with leaders of the advertising industry from around the world will have a positive effect on the further development of the advertising market in Russia.
Sincerely,
Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis
аспирантура (канд. экз.)
Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплин