Курсовая работа: Equivalents of gerund are in Russian translation

In order to understand the definition “gerund” we should know all its meanings and word-combinations.

The gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in course of time became verbalized, preserving at the same time its nominal character.

The gerund is formed by adding the inflection -ing to the stem of the verb and coincides in form with Participle I (15 – 170).

1.1 The double nature of the gerund

As a natural result of its origin and development the gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The nominal characteristics of the gerund are as follows:

1. The gerund can perform the function of the subject, an object and a predicative.

Theysaysmokingleadstomeditation. – К медитации они посоветовали использовать дымящий свинец.*

I like making people happy. – Ялюблюосчастливливатьлюдей.

He went away without saying a word. – Онушелнесказавнислова (1 – 222).

2. The gerund can be preceded by a proposition.

I’m very, very tired of rowing – Яочень, оченьусталагрести.

He’s fond of skating. – Онувлекаетсяконьками.

You can’t make an omelette without breaking eggs. – Тынеможешьсделатьомлетбезяиц.

I’m tired f hearing about that. – Яусталаэтослушать (5 – 137).

3. Like a noun the gerund can be modified by a noun in the Possessive Case or by a possessive pronoun.

“I wonder at Jolyon’s allowing this cugagement”, he said to aunt Ann. – «Меняудивляет, чтоДжолиoндопустилэтупомолвку», сказалонтетушкеЭнн.

Isthereanyobjectiontomyseeingher? – Кто-нибудь возражает против того, чтобы я повидался с ней? (7 – 259).

The verbal characteristics of the gerund are the same as those of the participle:

1) The gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object.

I had now made a good progress in understanding and speaking their language. – Сейчасясделалхорошеепродвижениевпониманиииговоренииихязыка.

2) The gerund can be modified by an adverb.

She burst out crying bitterly. – Онагорькорасплакалась.

3) The gerund has tense distinctions; the gerund of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions. The forms of the gerund in modern English are as follows (2 – 624).

Active	Passive
Indefinite	writing	being written
Perfect	having written	having been written

There is no gerund in the Russian language and the English gerund is rendered in Russian in different ways:

a) by a noun.

Dancing had not begun yet. – Танцыещененачались (10 – 232).

b) by an infinitive.

He had tea with Cipriano before leaving. – Передтем, какуйти, онавыпилачайс Kиприано.

It is no good hiding our heads under our wings. – Бесполезнопрятатьголовуподкрыло. * (Here and there the translation is mine)

c) by деепричастие.